耐高温陶瓷基复合材料增材制造技术研究进展

Research progress of additive manufacturing technologies for high-temperature resistant ceramic matrix composites

摘要

耐高温陶瓷基复合材料（HT-CMCs）因其卓越的耐高温、高强度、低密度及良好化学稳定性，在航空航天、能源等极端工况领域应用前景广阔。传统制造工艺在制备复杂形状与高性能HT-CMCs时存在局限，而增材制造（AM）技术以逐层堆积成形的独特优势，为复杂结构HT-CMCs制造开辟了新路径。该技术凭借直接制造冷却通道等复杂内部构型的能力，显著提升了材料的功能特性及结构效率，并基于服役需求能够实现性能导向的精准调控与定制化生产，同时大幅减少材料损耗，有效降低了制造成本。本文聚焦于HT-CMCs增材制造技术，介绍了其技术原理及应用现状，重点阐述了HT-CMCs材料增材制造体系设计、成形技术、工艺优化等方面的国内外最新研究进展。此外，本文展望增材制造HT-CMCs未来趋势：材料与工艺协同上，突破多材料打印界面瓶颈，开发复合工艺以实现多功能一体化与梯度结构；智能化体系构建上，建“数字控制-实时监测-参数优化”系统，借AI调控参数降低试错成本；模块化与循环制造上，开发可切换标准化模块，创新陶瓷废料回收以提高材料利用率，旨在推动其前沿工程化应用。

Abstract

High-temperature resistant ceramic matrix composites (HT-CMCs) have demonstrated immense application potential in aerospace，energy，and other extreme service environments，thanks to their outstanding attributes such as exceptional high-temperature resistance，high strength，low density，and excellent chemical stability. Traditional manufacturing processes are constrained in fabricating HT-CMCs with complex shapes and high performance. In contrast，additive manufacturing (AM) technology has paved a new way for the production of HT-CMCs with intricate structures，leveraging its unique capability of layer-by-layer construction. This technology substantially improves the functional properties and structural efficiency of materials by enabling the direct fabrication of complex internal features，like cooling channels. It also supports performance-oriented precise control and customized production according to specific service requirements，while significantly reducing material waste and effectively cutting down manufacturing costs. This paper focuses on the additive manufacturing technology of HT-CMCs. It introduces the technical principles and current application status of this technology，and places particular emphasis on expounding the latest research advancements both domestically and internationally in material system design，forming technologies，and process optimization for additively manufactured HT-CMCs. Furthermore，this paper sets out the future trends of additive manufacturing for HT-CMCs. In terms of material-process synergy，the focus is on overcoming the bottleneck of interface bonding in multi-material printing and developing composite processes to achieve multi-functional integration and gradient structures. Regarding the construction of intelligent systems，the aim is to establish a “digital control-real-time monitoring-parameter optimization” system and reduce trial-and-error costs through AI-based parameter adjustment. In the realm of modularization and circular manufacturing，the emphasis is on developing interchangeable standardized modules and innovating ceramic waste recycling technologies to enhance material utilization rates. All these endeavors are aimed at promoting its engineering application in cutting-edge fields.

关键词

耐高温陶瓷基复合材料 / 增材制造 / 材料性能 / 工艺优化

Key words

high-temperature resistant ceramic matrix composites (HT-CMCs) / additive manufacturing (AM) / material property / process optimization

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFB3714502)

国家自然科学基金(52130204)

陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024GX-YBXM-220)

陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024CY-GJHX-29)

陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024GX-ZDCYL-03-03)

宁波市重大专项(2025Z070)