胃微生态失衡在胃炎癌转化过程中的作用机制及靶向干预策略

杜楠 ,  杨一帆 ,  俞瑞珊 ,  贺佳琦 ,  王高峰 ,  李涛

重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (05) : 614 -622.

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重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (05) : 614 -622. DOI: 10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.004057
肿瘤精准医学与转化研究

胃微生态失衡在胃炎癌转化过程中的作用机制及靶向干预策略

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Mechanism of action of gastric microecological imbalance in the transformation process from gastritis to gastric cancer and targeted intervention strategies

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摘要

目的 本文旨在系统阐述胃微生态失衡在胃癌(gastric cancer,GC)“炎-癌转化”进程中的关键作用与内在机制,并深入探讨通过恢复微生态稳态以阻断癌前病变的干预策略,为降低GC发病率提供新的防治思路。 方法 本研究采用系统性文献综述方法,全面梳理与整合当前关于胃微生态与胃炎癌转化的研究进展。重点分析了胃微生态失衡驱动癌变的相关机制,并综合评估了益生菌/益生元、噬菌体疗法、粪便微生物移植、饮食调整及中药干预等策略的潜在应用价值。 结果 胃微生态失衡及其代谢产物改变是胃炎癌转化的重要驱动因素。其核心机制包括:激活并持续维持局部免疫炎症反应;改变具有致癌或促癌活性的代谢产物谱;破坏胃黏膜上皮屏障功能。干预研究表明,益生菌/益生元、噬菌体靶向清除、粪便微生物移植、特定膳食干预及中药调节等手段,能够有效重塑微生态平衡、抑制致病菌生长、调节宿主免疫应答并改善代谢环境,从而在实验与临床研究中展现出阻断癌前病变发展的潜力。 结论 胃微生态失衡在胃炎癌转化中扮演了核心角色。以恢复微生态稳态为目标的干预策略,为阻断炎癌转化提供了富有前景的新方向。未来研究应致力于推动相关策略的临床转化与精准个体化应用,以期为降低GC发病风险提供有效方案。

Abstract

Objective To systematically review the key role and mechanism of gastric microecological imbalance in the inflammation-cancer transformation of gastric cancer(GC),to investigate the intervention strategy of eliminating precancerous lesion by restoring microecological balance,and to provide ideas for reducing the incidence rate of GC. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted to summarize current research advances in gastric microecology and its role in the transformation process from gastritis to GC,with a focus on the mechanism of gastric microecological imbalance in driving the transformation to GC. The potential application value of various strategies including probiotics/prebiotics,bacteriophage therapy,fecal microbiota transplantation,dietary modification,and traditional Chinese medicine intervention was also assessed. Results Gastric microecological imbalance and changes in metabolites were important driving factors for the transformation of gastritis to GC,with the core mechanisms of activating and sustaining local immune inflammatory response,altering the profile of metabolites with carcinogenic or cancer-promoting activities,and damaging gastric mucosal barrier function. Intervention studies showed that interventions such as probiotics/prebiotics,bacteriophage therapy,fecal microbiota transplantation,dietary modification,and traditional Chinese medicine intervention could restore microecological balance,inhibit the growth of pathogens,regulate host immune response,and improve metabolic environment,thereby showing the potential of blocking the progression of precancerous lesion in experimental and clinical studies. Conclusion Gastric microecological imbalance plays a key role in the transformation process from gastritis to GC,and intervention strategies for restoring gastric microecological balance provide a new direction for interrupting the inflammation-cancer transformation. Future studies should focus on the clinical translation and precise individualized application of related strategies,in order to provide effective regimens for reducing the risk of GC.

Graphical abstract

关键词

胃微生态 / 胃炎癌转化 / 胃癌 / 作用机制

Key words

gastric microecology / gastritis-to-cancer transformation / gastric cancer / mechanism of action

引用本文

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杜楠,杨一帆,俞瑞珊,贺佳琦,王高峰,李涛. 胃微生态失衡在胃炎癌转化过程中的作用机制及靶向干预策略[J]. 重庆医科大学学报, 2026, 51(05): 614-622 DOI:10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.004057

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胃癌(gastric cancer,GC)是全球范围内常见的消化系统恶性肿瘤,晚期患者5年生存率低于20%[1]。而早期胃癌经治疗后5年生存率可达90%以上[2]。GC发病率存在明显地域差异,以东亚最高、中欧和东欧国家次之[3]。其主要危险因素包括幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)感染、年龄和饮食模式等。GC的发生是1个多步骤演变的炎癌转化过程。病理学家Correa P等[4]于1975年首次提出Correa级联,认为肠型胃癌的发生、发展存在如下的演进序列:①慢性浅表性胃炎(chronic superficial gastritis,CSG);②慢性萎缩性胃炎(chronic atrophic gastritis,CAG);③肠化生(intestinal metaplasia,IM);④异型增生;⑤GC。其中CAG与IM被称为胃癌前状态,异型增生被称为胃癌前病变(gastric precancerous lesions,GPL)。这些癌前状态与病变明显提升了GC发生的风险。因此,对这些癌前状态和病变开展早期干预对GC的防治具有重要作用。
人体微生物群是一个包括病毒、真菌和细菌的复杂生态系统,广泛分布于人体口腔、肠道、肺、皮肤和泌尿生殖系统等多个部位[5],并在维持体内平衡、参与疾病发生和进展、重塑肿瘤微环境以及调节抗肿瘤免疫方面发挥重要作用[6]。微生态失衡指微生物群组成和功能的异常改变。越来越多证据表明,胃微生态失衡与GC的发生和进展存在因果关系[7-8]。高脂肪饮食、抗生素、外源性微生物感染以及宿主遗传因素,都可能导致微生态失衡。健康且稳定的微生物群能够抑制癌症的发生,而失衡的胃微生物群通过与宿主胃上皮细胞相互作用导致黏膜屏障损伤以及慢性炎症,进而引发胃的炎癌转化。
现有研究显示,根除Hp可明显降低GC的风险,但对异型增生患者的影响有限[9-10]。这表明,针对GPL及之前阶段通过调控胃微生态,可有效抑制胃炎癌转化,降低GC发生率。值得注意的是,胃微生态失衡并非孤立地驱动癌变,而是与已知的胃癌危险因素(如高盐饮食、Hp感染、宿主遗传)交互协同,共同构成“多因素致病网络”。高盐饮食可破坏黏膜屏障并改变菌群生态位,加剧菌群失衡;Hp感染在引发炎症的同时,明显改变胃内微环境,导致继发性菌群失调;宿主遗传背景则调控着炎症反应的强度,影响菌群-宿主互作的结局。因此,胃微生态失衡可视为连接环境、感染与遗传因素的关键枢纽,其在炎癌转化中的核心作用需置于这一协同网络中来理解。
因此,本文系统总结了胃微生态失衡在胃炎癌转化中的作用与机制,并深入探讨针对炎癌转化的干预策略,以期为阻断胃炎癌转化,降低GC发病率提供新的治疗思路。

1 胃微生态失衡驱动胃炎癌转化的多维交互机制

胃微生态失衡通过免疫炎症、代谢重编程和上皮屏障破坏三大核心机制相互交织,形成恶性循环,推动病变进展。随着病变从胃炎向胃癌演进,胃黏膜菌群呈现规律性变化,见表1

1.1 免疫炎症级联与信号通路激活

炎症微环境的持续存在是胃炎癌转化的土壤。H. pylori 作为核心驱动因子,其毒力因子CagA和VacA可通过IV型分泌系统进入胃上皮细胞,特异性激活核因子(nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路[20-21]。NF-κB的核易位进一步诱导白细胞介素-8(interleukin-8,IL-8)、白细胞介素-23(interleukin-23,IL-23)、环氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2) 等促炎因子与介质的级联释放[22-23]。这一过程不仅募集大量中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞浸润,还通过上调诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)导致氧化应激损伤,诱导脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA)双链断裂及甲基化异常[24-25]。此外,咽峡炎链球菌、具核梭杆菌在低酸环境下过度增殖,这些细菌的脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)通过结合Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4),协同放大炎症信号,持续维持胃黏膜的“亚临床炎症状态”,加速从CAG向IM的转化[26-27]。如图1所示,Hp毒力因子CagA/VacA通过激活NF-κB/MAPK通路诱导炎症因子表达,进而推动胃癌发生。

1.2 代谢重编程

促癌与抑癌代谢谱的失衡微生物代谢产物的改变是微生态失衡影响宿主表型的重要介质。研究显示,从CAG到异型增生阶段,胃内呈现出“促癌代谢物累积”与“抑癌代谢物耗竭”的双重特征。胃微生态失衡导致的代谢产物改变,其致癌效应存在剂量依赖性。其中N-亚硝基化合物(N-nitroso compounds,NOCs)在胃液酸性环境中浓度可达0.29~0.49 μmol/L[28],与胃癌风险密切相关。在乳酸正常胃液中浓度较低(约0.14~0.16 mmol/L),但在胃排空延迟等情况下可能积累,参与胃黏膜损伤过程[29]。次级胆汁酸(如脱氧胆酸)在胃食管反流病患者胃液中浓度升高(约74.85~109.81 μmol/L),具有细胞毒性,可破坏黏膜屏障并促进癌前病变[30]。短链脂肪酸(丁酸)在动物胃液中浓度约为5~17 mmol/L,能为黏膜细胞供能,但过高浓度可能影响胃酸分泌和吸收功能[31]

1.2.1 促癌代谢谱的协同累积

胃内硝酸盐还原菌(如 Veillonella)丰度增加,将饮食中的硝酸盐转化为亚硝酸盐,进而合成强致癌物NOCs[32-33]。值得注意的是,NOCs的致癌效应受到局部微环境的明显调控。Hp感染及糖酵解活跃的细菌会导致乳酸大量堆积[34]。乳酸不仅营造酸性环境促进NOCs的合成稳定性,还通过组蛋白乳酸化修饰调控巨噬细胞极化,促进免疫逃逸[35]。此外,次级胆汁酸(如脱氧胆酸)水平的升高,可通过诱导活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)产生及线粒体损伤,共同驱动上皮细胞的恶性转化[36-37]

1.2.2 抑癌代谢物的耗竭

随着产丁酸菌(如 Faecalibacterium)的丰度下降,胃内短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs)浓度明显降低[38]。SCFAs作为组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase,HDAC)抑制剂,通常具有阻滞细胞周期、诱导异常细胞凋亡的作用[39]。其耗竭会使胃黏膜失去重要的代谢抑制性调控,从而导致受损上皮细胞更易逃避免疫监视,并向异型增生方向发展[40]

1.2.3 代谢产物相互作用分析

胃微生态失衡导致促癌与抑癌代谢物平衡被打破,形成协同网络。促癌代谢物协同网络:NOCs的稳定性依赖于酸性环境,乳酸堆积提供的低pH值环境能增强其致癌性[41]。乳酸还可通过组蛋白乳酸化修饰促进免疫抑制[42]。次级胆汁酸能诱导线粒体产生大量活性氧,与NOCs共同造成DNA损伤,形成基因毒性叠加效应[43-44]。这些代谢物共同塑造了一个促进DNA损伤、慢性炎症和免疫逃逸的微环境。

抑癌代谢物拮抗机制:以丁酸为代表的短链脂肪酸是关键的抑癌代谢物。它作为组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂,可激活肿瘤抑制基因,诱导异常细胞凋亡[45]。同时,它通过G蛋白偶联受体信号抑制NF-κB通路,减少促炎因子产生,并促进调节性T细胞功能,增强免疫调节[46-47]。此外,丁酸还能直接增强上皮细胞屏障功能[48]。在炎癌转化过程中,产丁酸菌丰度下降导致其保护作用减弱,促使微环境向促癌方向倾斜。

1.3 上皮屏障崩解与“菌-炎”恶性循环

微生态失衡对胃黏膜屏障的破坏是连接外部环境与机体病理改变的桥梁。一方面,特定致病菌(如Parvimonas micra)及其代谢产物(如亚硝胺、LPS)直接作用于上皮细胞,通过氧化应激下调紧密连接蛋白(如ZO-1,Occludin)的表达,导致细胞间隙增宽,机械屏障通透性增加[49]。另一方面,屏障受损导致细菌抗原及毒素向黏膜下层移位,进一步激活固有层免疫细胞(如Th17细胞),释放白细胞介素-17(interleukin-17,IL-17)等细胞因子[50]。由屏障功能渗漏与局部炎症加剧构成自我增强的循环,导致胃黏膜长期处于损伤修复与异常增殖持续失衡的状态,最终推动异型增生的发生。

1.3.1 上皮屏障损伤的分子机制

菌群代谢产物通过特定信号通路破坏紧密连接蛋白,并激活持续炎症。其紧密连接蛋白的下调机制如下:

亚硝胺可激活p38 MAPK/JNK通路,磷酸化并抑制紧密连接支架蛋白ZO-1的转录与膜定位,其诱导的活性氧可直接氧化修饰Occludin蛋白[51-52]

LPS通过结合TLR4受体,激活PI3K/Akt通路,进而抑制糖原合酶激酶-3β的活性。糖原合成酶激酶-3β(glycogen synthase kinase-3β,GSK-3β)失活会导致Occludin等蛋白磷酸化失衡,加速其内吞和降解[53-54]

屏障损伤后,细菌抗原移位至固有层,在白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)及IL-23的微环境下驱动初始CD4⁺ T细胞分化为Th17细胞[55]。Th17细胞分泌的IL-17A/F可进一步激活上皮细胞中的NF-κB/MAPK通路,形成炎症正反馈;同时直接抑制Claudin-1等紧密连接蛋白的表达,并刺激基质金属蛋白酶降解细胞外基质[56-58]。由此形成“屏障破坏-抗原暴露-Th17激活-IL-17释放-炎症加剧与屏障再损伤”的恶性循环,持续推动病变进展。

2 调节胃微生态阻断胃炎癌转化的新策略

针对胃微生态的干预策略已在多项临床试验中验证其逆转癌前病变的效果,见表2

2.1 益生菌/益生元治疗

益生菌通过竞争性抑制病原菌定植、分泌抗菌肽、调节免疫(降低促炎因子、增强屏障完整性)及降解致癌物(如亚硝胺)发挥作用。临床研究证实,特定益生菌制剂联合Hp根除疗法可提高根除率、降低胃黏膜炎症评分。益生元通过促进有益菌增殖及其有益代谢产物的产生发挥间接抗肿瘤功效[65-68]

临床研究证据表明,特定益生菌株对胃黏膜病变具有逆转潜力。研究显示,补充含 Lactobacillus 和 Bifidobacterium 的益生菌制剂,可通过竞争性抑制病原菌定植及分泌细菌素,明显降低胃内炎症评分[69]。益生菌联合治疗可将 Hp 根除带来的胃癌风险进一步降低,这与其调节宿主免疫应答、修复黏膜屏障的功能密切相关[70]

2.2 清除有害菌与噬菌体疗法

Hp根除治疗可使胃癌发生风险降低约34%~55%[71],而维生素C能阻断亚硝胺合成,叶酸则可以修复异常甲基化,二者与Hp根除协同可降低胃黏膜氧化应激[72]。有研究显示大蒜素能抑制Hp尿素酶活性及促炎因子IL-6的释放,长期补充大蒜提取物使Hp阳性者异型增生风险下降44%[73]

噬菌体疗法则提供了一种高靶向性清除致病菌(如耐药Hp)的新途径,其通过特异性裂解细菌、调控局部免疫微环境及作为靶向递送载体发挥作用,但目前尚处研究阶段[74-76]

2.3 粪便移植与饮食干预

粪便微生物移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)可通过重建肠道菌群稳态、调控免疫-代谢重编程,以及增强传统治疗方案的疗效三大途径发挥胃炎癌转化的治疗作用。健康供体的粪便内含多种细菌、病毒、真菌等,移植后既能竞争性抑制Hp在胃黏膜的定植,又能恢复胃内菌群的多样性。与此同时,FMT可通过影响胃黏膜组织中CD8⁺T细胞的浸润量,下调IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)等促炎因子的表达水平,促进SCFAs生成,进而辅助修复受损的胃黏膜屏障。此外,FMT与铋剂四联疗法联合应用,还可提升Hp的根除率[75]

高盐、腌制食品会破坏胃黏膜屏障,促进亚硝胺类致癌物形成,加速IM。高盐饮食还能增强Hp毒力因子CagA表达,激活NF-κB通路诱导CAG的发生[77]。蔬果摄入不足则会导致缺乏维生素C、叶酸等抗氧化物质,削弱DNA损伤修复能力。采用地中海式饮食、低可发酵的寡糖、二糖、单糖和多元醇(fermentable oligosaccharides,disaccharides,monosaccharides and polyols,FODMAP)饮食、抗炎饮食能够有效改善相关症状,降低GPL风险。

2.4 中药活性成分对微生态与炎癌转化的靶向调节

目前,采用抗生素根除Hp的方案面临耐药率过高及易破坏胃内菌群平衡的问题。而中药通过多靶点整体调节展现独特优势,既能直接抑制Hp,又能保护胃内共生菌群、调控免疫微环境,从而阻断炎癌转化进程[78]

研究表明,黄连、黄芩等清热药中的主要活性成分小檗碱和黄芩苷,能够直接破坏Hp的生物膜结构,降低其在胃黏膜表面的黏附与定植能力。这种非杀菌性的“抗黏附”机制能有效保护微生态多样性[79-80]。大蒜素具有明确的酶学抑制作用,能通过抑制Hp尿素酶活性,削弱细菌在酸性环境中的存活能力;同时,下调促炎因子IL-6的释放,阻断炎症信号通路的持续激活[81-82]。含小檗碱复方联合铋剂四联疗法相较于单纯西药治疗,能将GPL的病理逆转率提升15%,明显降低了因抗生素使用导致的肠道菌群失调风险,显示出“重塑微生态-阻断炎癌转化”的独特临床价值[83]

2.5 临床转化面临的挑战与应对策略

当前,微生态干预策略的临床转化面临挑战:检测技术需从16S核糖体核糖核酸(16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid,16S rRNA)测序向宏基因组与代谢组学联合分析升级,以建立功能诊断模型;噬菌体疗法需解决宿主免疫与细菌耐药问题;FMT需建立严格的供体筛选与质控体系。此外,胃微生态存在明显的地域与人群差异(如东亚人群Hp高感染率、高盐饮食导致特定菌群失调),提示未来干预需从“一刀切”转向结合“地域-饮食-遗传”特征的个体化精准方案。

2.6 胃微生态的地域与人群差异

东亚人群由于高盐饮食与Hp高感染率,胃内硝酸盐还原菌丰度明显高于欧美人群,导致NOCs累积更明显。此外,遗传因素(如IL-1β基因多态性)可影响炎症反应强度,进一步调控菌群-宿主互作。未来干预策略需结合“地域-饮食-遗传”三维特征,实现个性化微生态调控,表3详细对比了不同地域人群的胃微生态特征及胃癌风险影响因素。

3 总结与展望

基于前述证据,调节胃微生态为阻断胃炎癌转化提供了多元策略。然而,这些策略在靶向性、安全性、成本及临床证据等级上存在明显差异。下表(表4)将从临床应用角度,系统对比各策略优劣,明确其适用场景,并剖析当前面临的转化障碍与安全性问题。

本文系统综述了胃微生态失衡在胃炎癌转化病理演进及干预中的多重作用与机制。胃微生物群通过免疫炎症轴、菌群结构改变、代谢产物调控、上皮屏障破坏等途径,明显影响炎癌转化的病理进展。Hp感染作为关键启动因子,不仅直接诱发慢性炎症与基因毒性损伤,还通过改变胃内微环境促进非Hp菌群的异常定植,形成“炎症-微生态失调-癌变”的恶性演进。此外,微生物代谢产物的失衡,进一步通过表观遗传修饰、信号通路激活、能量代谢重编程等方式推动胃黏膜恶性转化。在干预策略方面,益生菌/益生元、噬菌体疗法、FMT、饮食调整、中药复方及营养素补充等多种手段显示出调控胃微生态、延缓甚至阻断胃炎癌转化的能力,为炎癌转化的临床管理提供了新思路。

总之,胃微生态失衡是连接环境、感染与遗传因素,驱动胃炎癌转化的核心枢纽。对其进行深入理解与精准干预,有望为胃癌防治开辟新路径。为实现从“微生态调控”到“胃癌预防”的转化医学目标,未来研究应遵循清晰的转化路径,确立以下优先级:首先,致力于建立胃微生态及其代谢产物的标准化检测方法与诊断模型,为精准识别高危个体奠定基础。其次,基于此模型,开展大规模、多中心、长期随访的干预性临床试验,以癌前病变逆转率和GC发病率为主要终点,扎实验证益生菌、中药复方等策略的长期疗效与安全性。最终,利用宏基因组、代谢组等多组学数据,结合人工智能分析,探索并验证基于菌群分型、代谢特征的个体化精准干预方案,从而实现GC预防的效益最大化。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金青年资助项目(82305179)

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