睡眠问题与轻度认知障碍和认知分域的关联:一项基于6 231名老年人的横断面研究

周文 ,  罗玉 ,  胡斐斐 ,  曾燕 ,  黄招兰

重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (05) : 669 -678.

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重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (05) : 669 -678. DOI: 10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.004068
临床研究

睡眠问题与轻度认知障碍和认知分域的关联:一项基于6 231名老年人的横断面研究

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Association of sleep problems with mild cognitive impairment and cognitive domains:a cross-sectional study of 6 231 elderly individuals

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摘要

目的 探讨7种睡眠问题与轻度认知障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)患病率及认知分域的关联。 方法 基于湖北老年记忆队列(Hubei memory and aging cohort study,HMACS)横断面数据,纳入60岁及以上老年人。收集参与者的一般人口学资料和认知以及睡眠状况等相关信息。采用logistic回归和线性回归分析7种睡眠问题与MCI患病率及认知分域的关联,并通过计算各睡眠问题的增量价值评估其对MCI患病的贡献。 结果 纳入6 231名老年人。重度入睡困难[比值比(odds ratio,OR)=1.205,95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)=1.059~1.371,P=0.005],夜间睡眠中断(OR=1.185,95%CI=1.044~1.346,P=0.009),早醒(OR=1.199,95%CI=1.059~1.357,P=0.004),睡眠时间不足(OR=1.441,95%CI=1.255~1.656,P<0.001)和睡眠质量差(OR=1.206,95%CI=1.047~1.389,P=0.009)与更高的MCI患病率相关。未观察到总体睡眠障碍(OR=1.116,95%CI=0.977~1.273,P=0.105)和白天嗜睡(OR=1.071,95%CI=0.890~1.286,P=0.466)与MCI的显著关联。无论是否存在睡眠障碍,大部分重度睡眠问题与较高的MCI患病率相关。睡眠问题与MCI患病率的关联存在城乡差异,农村老年人群体中该关联较城市人群更显著。有重度睡眠问题的参与者表现出更差的语言,执行和注意力功能(P<0.05)。其中睡眠时间不足对MCI患病的增量价值最高[净重分类改善指数(net reclassification improvement,NRI)=0.124,95%CI=0.071~0.176,P<0.001,综合判别改善指数(integrated discrimination improvement,IDI)=0.005,95%CI=0.003~0.006,P<0.001]。 结论 睡眠问题,包括睡眠时间不足、睡眠质量差、重度入睡困难、夜间睡眠中断和早醒与更高的MCI患病率相关。优先改善睡眠不足的认知益处可能最大。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the association of 7 sleep problems with the prevalence rate of mild cognitive impairment(MCI) and cognitive domains. Methods Based on the cross-sectional data from the Hubei memory and aging cohort study(HMACS),the elderly individuals aged ≥60 years were included in this study. General demographic data were collected,as well as the data on cognition and sleep. The logistic regression analysis and the linear regression analysis were used to investigate the association of 7 sleep problems with the prevalence rate of MCI and cognitive domains,and the incremental predictive value of each sleep problem was calculated to assess its contribution to MCI. Results A total of 6231 elderly individuals were included. Severe difficulty falling asleep(odds ratio[OR]=1.205,95%CI=1.059-1.371,P=0.005),nighttime awakenings(OR=1.185,95%CI=1.044-1.346,P=0.009),early morning awakening(OR=1.199,95%CI=1.059-1.357,P=0.004),insufficient sleep time(OR=1.441,95%CI=1.255-1.656,P<0.001),and poor sleep quality(OR=1.206,95%CI=1.047-1.389,P=0.009) were associated with a higher prevalence rate of MCI. Overall sleep disorders(OR=1.116,95%CI=0.977-1.273,P=0.105) and daytime lethargy (OR=1.071,95%CI=0.890-1.286,P=0.466) were not found to be significantly associated with MCI. Regardless of the presence or absence of sleep disorders,most severe sleep problems were significantly associated with a higher prevalence rate of MCI. There was a difference in the association between sleep problems and the prevalence rate of MCI between rural and urban areas,and such association in the rural elderly population was more significant than that in the urban elderly population. The participants with severe sleep problems showed poorer performance in language,executive,and attention functions(P<0.05). Insufficient sleep time showed the highest incremental value for the prevalence rate of MCI,with a Net Reclassification Improvement index of 0.124(95%CI=0.071-0.176,P<0.001) and an Integrated Discrimination Improvement index of 0.005(95%CI=0.003-0.006,P<0.001). Conclusion Sleep problems,including insufficient sleep time,poor sleep quality,severe difficulty falling asleep,nighttime awakenings,and early morning awakening,are associated with a higher prevalence rate of MCI. Prioritizing the improvement of insufficient sleep may yield the greatest cognitive benefits.

Graphical abstract

关键词

轻度认知障碍 / 认知分域 / 睡眠问题 / 老年人

Key words

mild cognitive impairment / cognitive domains / sleep problems / elderly

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引用格式 ▾
周文,罗玉,胡斐斐,曾燕,黄招兰. 睡眠问题与轻度认知障碍和认知分域的关联:一项基于6 231名老年人的横断面研究[J]. 重庆医科大学学报, 2026, 51(05): 669-678 DOI:10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.004068

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随着全球老龄化加剧,老年人的认知功能障碍患病风险已成为日益严峻的公共卫生问题。全球痴呆症患者数量预计将从2019年的5 740万例增至2050年的1.528亿例[1]。《中国阿尔茨海默病报告》数据显示,2021年全球痴呆症患者约5 700万例,其中中国患者约为1 700万例,占全球总数的29.8%[2]。轻度认知障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)是介于正常衰老与痴呆之间的认知状态[3]。患者通常表现为一定程度的认知功能减退,但尚未达到痴呆的诊断标准[4]。这一状态通常被视为痴呆的前期阶段[5]。鉴于痴呆前期阶段的潜在可逆性,识别MCI的可干预风险因素尤为重要。
与此同时,睡眠障碍也已成为全球日益严峻的公共卫生挑战,全球约27%的普通人群[6]受其影响,在中国这一比例高达60%[7]。睡眠障碍的主要表现包括睡眠时间缩短、睡眠质量下降、睡眠效率降低、睡眠碎片化加剧以及白天嗜睡等[8-9]。睡眠在生理修复中发挥关键作用,可通过清除大脑代谢废物和调节神经可塑性等机制[10-11]维持认知健康[12],包括巩固记忆[13]和增强学习能力[14]。随着年龄增长,睡眠障碍会加剧认知衰退[15],已被确认为MCI的独立危险因素[16],使痴呆风险增加约30%[17]。例如,睡眠剥夺已被证实影响有害大分子(如β-淀粉样蛋白和Tau蛋白)的清除,增加大脑中的氧化应激[18],从而促进神经退行性疾病的发生。然而,目前在同一人群中探讨多种睡眠问题与MCI风险和认知分域关联的研究仍不充分,且针对多种睡眠问题共存时如何优先干预特定问题的研究相对匮乏。因此,识别不同睡眠问题与MCI患病风险的异质性关联,对于筛查痴呆前期高风险个体并进行针对性预防至关重要。
本研究基于湖北老年记忆队列(Hubei Memory and Aging Cohort Study,HMACS)横断面数据,系统探讨7种睡眠问题与MCI患病率及认知分域的关联。进一步计算各类睡眠问题对MCI患病的增量价值,以识别在多种睡眠问题共存时,各睡眠问题对MCI患病率的贡献,确定优先干预的睡眠问题,从而为精准预防提供科学依据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

研究对象来自前瞻性HMACS队列(注册号:ChiCTR1800019164)2018至2025年的横断面调查,该队列旨在研究中国社区老年人中痴呆症的患病率、发病率及其风险和保护因素,同时考察其社会、临床、神经心理学及生物标志物特征,以指导预防、干预、护理和治疗策略的制定[19]。关于HMACS设计和评估细节已在前期文献中描述[20]。本研究最终纳入6 231名≥60岁的老年人,排除标准:①诊断为痴呆;②睡眠数据缺失。纳排流程见图1。HMACS已通过武汉科技大学医学伦理委员会批准(批准号:201845),所有参与者均签署了书面知情同意书。

1.2 研究内容

1.2.1 睡眠问题

采用中文版的8项雅典失眠量表(Athens Insomnia Scale,AIS)或匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,PSQI)评估睡眠问题,如果同一参与者同时采用AIS和PSQI,则优先纳入AIS数据进行分析。AIS和PSQI均涵盖7种相似的睡眠问题,并且两者高度相关[21-23],包括:睡眠障碍、入睡困难、夜间睡眠中断、早醒、睡眠时间不足、睡眠质量差和白天嗜睡。在完成AIS和PSQI的参与者亚组(n=102)中,所得到的严重程度类别具有可接受的一致性(Cohen’s Kappa=0.47,P<0.001),支持2种工具的可比性以及主要分析中使用复合分类的适当性。睡眠障碍定义如下:正常(AIS≤3和PSQI≤5)、轻度(AIS 4~6或PSQI 6~8)和重度(AIS≥7或PSQI≥9)[22,24]。AIS和PSQI中的其他睡眠问题均采用4分量表进行评分,范围从0(表示没有问题或从不)到3(表示非常严重或每周≥3次)。根据这些评分标准,每个睡眠问题被分为3个严重程度等级:正常(0分)、轻度(1分)和重度(2~3分)。所有评估均由经过培训的研究人员按照标准化流程进行。

1.2.2 认知障碍

由神经内科医生和神经精神疾病专家组成诊断团队,参考认知评估结果和其他临床资料,依据Petersen RC[25]提出MCI诊断标准及《精神疾病诊断与统计手册(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition,DSM-Ⅳ)》和《2018年中国痴呆与认知障碍诊治指南》对个体是否患有MCI和痴呆或者认知正常(normal cognition,NC)作出判断。MCI诊断标准:①患者、知情者报告或临床医师确认的认知损害;②至少1个认知领域损害的客观证据(以情景记忆损害最为常见);③工具性日常能力可有轻微的损害,但基本日常生活能力保留;④未达到痴呆的诊断标准。痴呆诊断标准:①既往认知功能正常;②出现获得性认知功能下降(记忆、执行、语言或视空间能力损害)或精神行为异常;③认知衰退影响工作能力或日常生活;④无法用谵妄或其他精神疾病来解释。NC需同时满足以下标准:①临床痴呆评定量表评分=0(无痴呆);②无直接归因于认知损害的日常生活活动能力缺陷;③神经心理学测试(语言、注意力、记忆、执行功能及视空间功能)表现位于年龄校正后常模均值的1.5个标准差范围内,即无客观认知损害证据;④无主观认知困扰主诉[26]

1.2.3 认知分域

所有参与者均接受由临床神经心理学专家和医学研究生实施的面对面标准化认知分域评估,涵盖5个认知分域:记忆功能(华山版听觉词语学习测验,包括短延迟回忆,长延迟回忆,线索回忆与再认);语言功能(语言流畅性测试);执行功能(形状连线测验);注意功能(数字广度测验);视空间功能(画钟测试)。由于画钟测试数据缺失比例超过20%,故未纳入本研究。各认知领域得分经正态性检验后,标准化为Z分数(均值为0,标准差为1)。

1.2.4 协变量

收集研究对象的社会人口学特征:年龄、性别、城乡、婚姻状况以及教育程度。健康行为:吸烟状况、饮酒状况、体质指数(body mass index,BMI);病史:高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、高血脂和中风。教育水平分为3个类别:小学及以下、初中、高中及以上;城乡分为“城市”和“农村”;婚姻状况分为“已婚(有配偶)”和“未婚(从未结婚、离异或丧偶)”;吸烟状况分为“当前吸烟”和“不吸烟”;饮酒状况分为“当前饮酒”和“不饮酒”。健康病史变量则根据自我报告,按是否患有相关疾病进行分类。

1.3 统计学方法

对缺失比例<10%的样本采用R软件的mice包进行多重插补。共生成5个插补数据集。对每个插补数据集应用统计模型,并汇总结果以确保估计值的稳健性。计算各变量的方差膨胀因子(variance inflation factor,VIF),结果显示所有变量的VIF值均<5(表1),表明模型中不存在显著的多重共线性。描述性统计中,计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,计数资料采用频数和百分比表示。组间差异比较中,正态分布的计量资料采用独立样本t检验,非正态分布的计量资料采用Kruskal-Wallis检验,计数资料采用卡方检验。采用多因素logistic回归和线性回归模型评估不同睡眠问题与MCI患病率及认知分域的关联。针对性别和城乡特征进行亚组分析,以探讨睡眠问题与MCI的关联的人群差异。为评估不同睡眠问题对MCI患病的增量价值,计算净重分类指数(net reclassification index,NRI)和综合判别改善指数(integrated discrimination improvement,IDI)比较模型预测能力,以识别在多种睡眠问题共存时各睡眠问题对MCI患病的贡献。基础模型包括性别、年龄、城乡、教育、婚姻状况、高血压、糖尿病、中风、高血脂、冠心病、吸烟、喝酒、BMI。检验水准α=0.05。

2 结果

2.1 一般人群特征

本研究共纳入6 231名研究对象,平均年龄(72.09±5.82)岁,女性3 341名(53.6%),农村居民2 894名(46.4%)。按认知状态分组,NC组4 258名,MCI组1 973名。与NC组相比,MCI组的年龄更大,女性比例更高,农村居民更多,已婚比例、受教育程度及BMI更低,但高血脂的患病率更高,睡眠问题患病率更高(P<0.05)(表2)。

2.2 重度睡眠问题与更高的MCI患病率相关

多因素logistic回归结果显示,与正常睡眠的参与者相比,存在重度入睡困难[比值比(odds ratio,OR)=1.205,95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)=1.059~1.371,P=0.005],夜间睡眠中断(OR=1.185,95%CI=1.044~1.346,P=0.009),早醒(OR=1.199,95%CI=1.059~1.357,P=0.004),睡眠时间不足(OR=1.441,95%CI=1.255~1.656,P<0.001)或睡眠质量差(OR=1.206,95%CI=1.047~1.389,P=0.009)的参与者MCI患病率更高。而重度睡眠障碍(OR=1.116,95%CI=0.977~1.273,P=0.105)和白天嗜睡(OR=1.071,95%CI=0.890~1.286,P=0.466)的MCI患病率与正常睡眠组相比差异无统计学意义(表3)。进一步按有无睡眠障碍分层,分别分析不同睡眠问题与MCI的关联。结果显示,无论是否存在睡眠障碍,重度睡眠问题均与较高的MCI患病率相关(表4)。

2.3 重度睡眠问题与更差的认知分域表现相关

多因素线性回归分析显示,与睡眠正常者相比,存在重度睡眠问题的参与者语言、执行和注意功能得分均较低(P<0.05)。仅重度夜间睡眠中断、睡眠时间不足和睡眠质量差与更低的记忆得分相关(P<0.05)(表5)。

2.4 睡眠问题与MCI的城乡和性别分层研究

分层分析显示,夜间睡眠中断、早醒、睡眠质量差以及白天嗜睡与城乡之间存在显著交互作用(P<0.05)。其中重度睡眠问题与MCI的关联在农村老年人中强于在城市老年人。然而,睡眠问题与性别之间未观察到交互作用(表6)。在城乡和性别分层分析中,仅重度睡眠时间不足与MCI患病率的关联在各层中均显著。

2.5 睡眠问题预测MCI患病的增量价值分析

进一步探讨在基础模型中加入不同睡眠问题对MCI分类能力的改善作用。结果显示,加入不同睡眠问题后的模型在连续NRI和IDI指标上大多显著改善,尤其是入睡困难和睡眠时间不足对MCI的分类能力提升尤为明显。其中,睡眠时间不足对MCI的增量分类价值最大(NRI=0.124,95%CI=0.071~0.176,IDI=0.005,95%CI=0.003~0.006)(表7)。

3 讨论

本研究基于HMACS横断面数据,探讨中国老年人不同睡眠问题与MCI及认知分域的关联。结果显示,重度睡眠问题(如入睡困难、夜间睡眠中断、早醒、睡眠时间不足和睡眠质量差)与较高的MCI患病率相关,而整体睡眠障碍与MCI的关联无统计学意义,且无论是否存在睡眠障碍,多数重度睡眠问题与较高的MCI患病率显著相关。此外,重度睡眠问题与MCI患病率的关联在农村老年人中强于城市老年人。所有重度睡眠问题与较差的语言、执行和注意得分相关,而部分特定睡眠问题则与记忆功能相关。其中,睡眠时间不足对MCI患病的增量价值最高,其次为入睡困难。因此,当多种睡眠问题共存时,优先干预睡眠时间不足尤为重要。

本研究部分结果与既往研究一致,即不同睡眠问题与认知障碍的风险和认知分域存在关联[27-28]。总体而言,老年人的睡眠障碍与认知功能下降及认知障碍的患病风险密切相关[29-31]。睡眠时长与认知健康呈非线性关系,适度睡眠对认知具有保护作用,而过短或过长的睡眠均会增加认知障碍的风险[32-36]。此外,较差的主观睡眠质量与较高的MCI以及较差的认知功能相关[36-37]。白天过度嗜睡可加剧认知衰退的风险[38]。睡眠碎片化(如早醒和夜间睡眠中断)被认为是加速阿尔茨海默病发展的重要因素[39-41]。单一的整体睡眠障碍评分难以全面反映睡眠的复杂性[42],多项研究表明,MCI患者在特定睡眠参数上存在显著差异(如睡眠潜伏期延长和睡眠效率降低)[43]。具体的睡眠问题(如早醒、睡眠中断和睡眠效率下降)常与MCI的发生密切相关,而整体睡眠质量评分难以反映具体细节[37,44-45]。此外,有研究指出分开评估多维度的睡眠参数[46-47](如睡眠效率、早醒和睡眠中断),有助于更精准地识别与认知障碍相关的睡眠异常,揭示特定睡眠问题对认知功能的影响,为MCI的早期筛查提供更为细致的依据。本研究通过多维度睡眠问题的评估,系统探讨不同睡眠问题对MCI的影响。结果显示,特定睡眠症状(如入睡困难、夜间睡眠中断、早醒、睡眠时间不足及睡眠质量差)均与较高的MCI患病率显著相关。该发现提示,聚焦于具体的睡眠症状可能比单一的整体睡眠障碍更能有效识别MCI的潜在风险[48-50],从而为更精准的风险评估和预测提供支持。

值得注意的是,本研究发现睡眠时间不足在预测MCI方面具有最大的增量价值,提示其在痴呆早期阶段可能发挥关键作用。睡眠不足与认知障碍及认知能力下降密切相关,且其影响通常较长时间睡眠更为显著[51-53]。有研究指出,短睡眠更可能是疾病的潜在“原因”,而长睡眠则更多地表现为疾病的“结果”[54]。优先解决睡眠时间不足能够为大脑提供必要的恢复时间,从而在早期阶段减缓认知衰退的进程[55]。此外,睡眠时间不足常伴随其他睡眠问题,如睡眠质量差等[56],并与焦虑、抑郁等情绪问题密切相关[57-58],这些多重因素共同加剧了认知损伤。因此,未来的干预措施应优先考虑改善睡眠时间不足,以降低认知障碍的发生风险,并为老年人群体的健康干预策略提供理论依据。尽管睡眠时间不足在MCI患病的增量价值中具有统计学意义,但部分指标的系数较小,其临床实际意义可能有限。未来需开展长期纵向研究,以明确这些效应的长期持续影响和临床价值。

本研究在现有基础上,揭示了睡眠问题与认知关联的城乡异质性。结果表明农村老年人的重度睡眠问题与MCI的关联强于城市老年人,这可能与城乡差异的多重因素密切相关。已有研究表明,农村居民的睡眠问题患病率显著高于城市居民[59-61],且农村老年人的MCI通常高于城市老年人。这些差异可能与城乡在经济条件、教育水平、医疗保障等方面的差距有关[62-63]。因此,城乡在资源、环境和社会支持等方面的差距,可能是农村地区重度睡眠问题与较高MCI患病率关联度重要原因。

睡眠问题影响认知障碍的生物学机制已有广泛研究。研究表明,睡眠障碍可通过影响神经病理标志物(如Tau蛋白和β-淀粉样蛋白)的异常积累[64-65],增加神经退行性疾病的风险。慢性睡眠障碍可能通过损害脑脊液中的淋巴系统功能,进而破坏大脑代谢废物的清除机制[66-67]。该过程破坏神经元功能,阻碍神经传导通路,最终影响记忆与学习能力。此外,慢性睡眠剥夺可抑制海马体的神经发生,损害长时程增强,并引发持续的神经炎症反应[68-69]。睡眠紊乱还通过引发肠道菌群失调和激活免疫反应,导致中枢和外周免疫细胞(如小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞)产生炎症因子,加剧神经炎症,损害海马、皮质等大脑区域的功能,从而导致认知损伤[70-71]

本研究评估多维度睡眠问题与MCI及认知分域的关联,并深入探讨各睡眠问题对MCI的增量价值。与多数基于不同人群的荟萃分析不同,本研究聚焦于同一人群内的分析,揭示了不同睡眠问题对MCI的增量价值,弥补多维度睡眠问题与MCI关联研究的不足。值得注意的是,目前较少探讨具体睡眠问题与认知分域之间的关系,尤其是不同睡眠问题(如早醒和睡眠中断)如何影响各个认知分域。本研究深入探讨了睡眠问题与认知分域之间的关系,并为MCI的早期筛查和个性化干预策略的优化提供了理论依据。然而,研究也存在一些局限性。首先,本研究为横断面研究,无法解释睡眠问题与MCI的因果关系。未来的纵向研究应进一步验证这一结果,以明确睡眠问题与MCI的纵向关联。其次,睡眠问题基于自我报告,可能存在回忆偏差,影响结果的准确性。未来的研究应结合主观和客观的测量方法,以进一步验证研究结果。最后,尽管回归模型中纳入多种潜在的混杂因素,仍可能存在未测量或未完全控制的混杂因素。

综上所述,睡眠问题(包括睡眠时间不足、睡眠质量差、重度入睡困难、夜间睡眠中断及早醒)与MCI患病率相关。优先改善睡眠不足的认知益处可能最大。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金资助项目(2022ZD0211604)

武汉市卫健委科研项目资助项目(WX23B01)

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