中老年高血压患者心脏病发病风险的队列研究及影响因素分析
杨培基 , 范清清 , 唐浩民 , 毛霜严 , 邓丹
重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (05) : 697 -702.
中老年高血压患者心脏病发病风险的队列研究及影响因素分析
The risk of heart disease in middle-aged and elderly hypertensive patients and related influencing factors: A cohort study
目的 基于全国性队列数据,探讨我国中老年高血压患者发生心脏病的独立影响因素,为制定针对性防治策略提供依据。 方法 采用基于前瞻性队列的回顾性数据分析,数据来源于2011至2020年的中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)数据。以基线调查为起点,新发心脏病事件为主要结局。采用Kaplan-Meier法计算累积生存率,运用单因素及多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析心脏病发生的影响因素。 结果 共纳入基线无心脏病的中老年高血压患者3 103例,累积随访61 085.42人年,其间461例患者死亡,全因死亡率为7.55/1 000人年,9年累积无心脏病生存率为78.97%。多因素Cox回归分析显示,男性[风险比(hazard ratio,HR)=1.21,95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)=1.02~1.46]、肥胖(HR=1.17,95%CI=1.08~1.29)、吸烟(HR=1.26,95%CI=1.15~1.36)、饮酒(HR=1.15,95%CI=1.05~1.24)以及高血压病程>9年(HR=1.26,95%CI=1.05~1.46)均为中老年高血压患者发生心脏病的独立危险因素。此外,合并血脂异常(HR=1.80,95%CI=1.52~2.13)、糖尿病(HR=1.24,95%CI=1.04~1.49)、慢性肺部疾病(HR=1.55,95%CI=1.27~1.90)、卒中(HR=1.15,95%CI=1.02~1.31)或肾脏疾病(HR=1.63,95%CI=1.32~2.01)亦会增加心脏病发生风险。而平均睡眠时长>8 h/d(HR=0.82,95%CI=0.61~0.93)与规律服用降压药物(HR=0.85,95%CI=0.78~0.96)则是保护因素。 结论 我国中老年高血压患者的心脏病发生风险受人口学特征、临床病程、共病及生活方式的共同影响。未来防治应坚持以规范降压为核心,同时加强对多重危险因素及共病的综合管理。
Objective To investigate the independent influencing factors for the development of heart disease in middle-aged and elderly hypertensive patients in China based on national cohort data,and to provide a basis for formulating targeted prevention and treatment strategies. Methods A retrospective study was conducted based on the prospective cohort using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS) in 2011-2020. The baseline survey was the starting point,and new-onset heart disease events were the primary outcome. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate cumulative survival rates,and the univariate and multivariate Cox proportional-hazards regression model analysis was used to investigate the influencing factors for the onset of heart disease. Results A total of 3103 middle-aged and elderly hypertensive patients without heart disease at baseline were enrolled,with a cumulative follow-up of 61085.42 person-years. During the follow-up period,461 patients died,resulting in an all-cause mortality rate of 7.55/1000 person-years,and the 9-year cumulative heart disease-free survival rate was 78.97%. The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that male sex(hazard ratio[HR]=1.21,95%CI=1.02-1.46),obesity(HR=1.17,95%CI=1.08-1.29),smoking(HR=1.26,95%CI=1.15-1.36),alcohol consumption(HR=1.15,95%CI=1.05-1.24),and a hypertension duration of >9 years(HR=1.26,95%CI=1.05-1.46) were independent risk factors for heart disease in the middle-aged and elderly hypertensive patients. Furthermore,comorbidities including dyslipidemia(HR=1.80,95%CI=1.52-2.13),diabetes(HR=1.24,95%CI=1.04-1.49),chronic lung disease(HR=1.55,95%CI=1.27-1.90),stroke(HR=1.15,95%CI=1.02-1.31),and kidney disease(HR=1.63,95%CI=1.32-2.01) also increased the risk of heart disease. In contrast,a mean sleep duration of >8 hours per day(HR=0.82,95%CI=0.61-0.93) and regular use of antihypertensive drugs(HR=0.85,95%CI=0.78-0.96) were protective factors. Conclusion The risk of developing heart disease in middle-aged and elderly hypertensive patients in China is jointly influenced by demographic features,clinical course,comorbidities,and lifestyle. Future prevention and treatment should adhere to the core principle of standardized blood pressure control and strengthen the comprehensive management of multiple risk factors and comorbidities.
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