美国糖尿病协会《超重和肥胖标准化管理指南》解读

董晓颖 ,  崔龙 ,  尹经霞 ,  桂晶 ,  蒲丹岚 ,  廖涌

重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (05) : 587 -596.

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重庆医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (05) : 587 -596. DOI: 10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.004102
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美国糖尿病协会《超重和肥胖标准化管理指南》解读

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Interpretation of key points in the American Diabetes Association’ Obesity Association Standards of Care in Overweight and Obesity

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摘要

自2025年起,美国糖尿病协会(American Diabetes Association,ADA)下属的肥胖协会(ADA’s Obesity Association,ADAOA)陆续发布首部《超重和肥胖标准化管理指南》的部分章节。指南围绕肥胖及其相关合并症、并发症,在筛查、诊断和管理等方面给出了系统的循证推荐,旨在为肥胖管理提供全面、可操作的规范化框架,以期改善肥胖患者的长期健康结局。目前指南的总体架构与方法学、体重歧视与偏见、成人肥胖药物治疗等核心内容已分阶段发布,本文将针对上述内容进行要点解析。

Abstract

Since 2025,the American Diabetes Association(ADA) ’s Obesity Association has officially released the first Standards of Care in Overweight and Obesity. The guideline systematically present evidence-based recommendations for the screening,diagnosis,and management of obesity and obesity-related diseases or complications,with the goal of establishing a comprehensive and actionable standardization framework for obesity care to improve long-term health outcomes of individuals with obesity. There chapters,including Introduction and methodology,Weight stigma and bias and Pharmacologic Treatment of Obesity in Adults,have been sequentially published. This article provides an interpretation of the core recommendations of the guideline.

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关键词

肥胖 / 诊断 / 治疗 / 指南解读

Key words

obesity / diagnosis / treatment / interpretation of guideline

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董晓颖,崔龙,尹经霞,桂晶,蒲丹岚,廖涌. 美国糖尿病协会《超重和肥胖标准化管理指南》解读[J]. 重庆医科大学学报, 2026, 51(05): 587-596 DOI:10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.004102

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肥胖已成为全球重大的公共健康问题。肥胖是一种复发性、进展性慢性疾病,需采取长期、多学科综合治疗策略以改善健康结局。随着肥胖管理及结局改善干预措施的循证证据不断累积,美国糖尿病协会的肥胖协会(American Diabetes Association’s Obesity Association,ADAOA)正式发布了首部《超重和肥胖标准化管理指南》[1-3],旨在倡导个性化、公平的肥胖管理,弥合目前临床实践中的差距,改善肥胖人群的长期健康结局。指南强调以并发症为核心、降低风险与减轻疾病负担为导向的综合诊疗策略,而非单纯以达成特定减重目标为目的。目前引言和方法学介绍、体重污名与偏见、药物治疗等章节已陆续发布,现将其核心要点进行解读。
指南由ADAOA专业实践委员会专家团队制定。指南制定遵循严格的方法学,结合系统性文献综述、专家共识等证据,开发了证据分级系统,根据推荐意见的证据质量,将推荐等级分为A、B、C三级,专家意见E级为单独类别,适用于没有临床试验证据、临床试验实施困难或存在矛盾证据的建议,是基于肥胖医学领域关键专家的共识(表1)。推荐意见均由专业实践委员会成员投票审议,需获得80%的共识方可批准。

1 体重污名与偏见

体重偏见指基于体重对个体产生的负面态度与刻板印象,可分为显性偏见(个体能意识到这些负面态度)与隐性偏见(无意识的偏见倾向,当事人不愿或无法承认这些态度)[4]。体重污名是偏见导致的歧视与社会贬低行为。体重污名与肥胖个体的不良身心健康结局密切相关,并可导致医疗服务质量下降、肥胖人群获得医疗服务的机会减少。指南强调,减少体重偏见需系统性改革:教育培训是认知基础,包容性环境是客观保障,人性化沟通是实践核心[2]

指南推荐,所有医疗及相关工作人员均应接受针对体重偏见与污名问题的专项培训。制定标准化流程,包括人体测量环节的操作规范及以人为本的沟通原则。需要确保配备能满足所有人群使用需求的临床设备及工具,保护测量过程中的个人隐私。沟通时使用以人为本、非评判性的语言。与肥胖个体讨论体重问题时,应先征得其同意,并充分尊重其自主权和意愿。将肥胖个体纳入共同决策,共同确定超越减重的治疗目标,并制定个体化诊疗方案。

2 成人肥胖的药物治疗

体重降低可引发多种体重调节激素改变,形成一种生理性代偿环境,驱动机体反弹至较高体重水平[5-6],体重降低还会减少能量消耗和基础代谢率,使肥胖个体难以维持减重效果[7-8]。肥胖药物治疗是成人肥胖综合管理的核心组成部分[3],既能增强个体减重能力[9],某些药物还能调节导致体重增加及阻碍持续减重的神经激素系统功能紊乱[10]。故肥胖药物已证实能有效实现并维持体重减轻[11]、改善肥胖相关疾病及并发症,最终改善肥胖个体的健康结局[12-16]

指南倡导以人为本、基于并发症、个体化及长期治疗的药物决策理念。药物治疗应以整体健康为目标,范畴不仅限于体重减轻,还应涵盖肥胖相关疾病及并发症、身体功能和生活质量等方面。

2.1 药物治疗原则

指南强调,无论是否启用肥胖药物治疗,营养干预、运动及行为治疗均为综合肥胖管理的必要组成部分;生活方式干预联合药物治疗可实现更大程度的体重减轻[17-20]

肥胖药物的选择应遵循以患者为中心的原则,核心要素包括:促成肥胖患者参与共同决策、依据当前最佳循证证据,并优先考虑对肥胖相关疾病及并发症改善效果最佳、能够达成并维持减重目标的药物,同时综合评估费用、可及性、耐受性、不良反应风险及个体偏好等因素。在临床条件允许的情况下,应尽量减少使用可能导致体重增加的药物。

2.2 治疗目标设定

肥胖治疗的目标设定应遵循循序渐进和个体化原则,综合考虑肥胖严重程度、相关疾病和并发症、个人需求、生活状况及偏好等因素。减重目标的制定应循序渐进,可分为3个层级:接受肥胖药物治疗的成人,应以≥5%的持续体重降低作为初始目标,以期获得具有临床意义的健康获益,如心脏代谢指标的显著改善[21];为改善多种肥胖相关疾病或并发症,如血糖、血压和血脂方面的显著改善[22],通常需要≥10%的持续体重降低;获得部分疾病更显著的治疗效果,如中重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停[14],可能需要≥15%的体重降幅。达到减重治疗目标所需时间因人而异,因此每3个月进行再评估有助于监测减重进展。

2.3 肥胖药物选择

既往肥胖药物治疗需满足身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)≥30 kg/m²(中国为28 kg/m²)或BMI≥27 kg/m²(中国为24 kg/m²)伴至少一种肥胖相关疾病或并发症,目前多种药物已取消上述BMI阈值限制,反映出肥胖药物临床应用趋于积极。指南建议,对不合并肥胖相关疾病或并发症的成年肥胖患者,可考虑将肥胖药物纳入治疗方案,以促进体重降低,防止体重进一步增加,降低肥胖相关疾病和并发症的发生风险(图1)。对已合并肥胖相关疾病、并发症或其高风险的肥胖成人,应在初始治疗阶段便将肥胖药物纳入综合治疗方案,并优先选择经证实可改善上述疾病或并发症的药物。即使肥胖患者最初拒绝药物治疗,临床医师亦应在后续随访过程中重新评估其对药物治疗的接受意愿,以便及时调整干预方案。近年来,部分肥胖药物被证实能改善或延缓糖尿病前期(prediabetes,PreDM)、2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes,T2DM)、动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,ASCVD)和骨关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)等肥胖相关疾病和并发症[12-1623-24],因此指南对合并特定肥胖相关疾病和并发症的肥胖成人,予以基于循证的药物推荐(图2表2)。

PreDM:对合并PreDM的超重或肥胖成人,应优选经证实可预防或延缓其进展为T2DM的药物,推荐药物包括替尔泊肽(A)、司美格鲁肽(A)、利拉鲁肽(B)、奥利司他(B)和芬特明-托吡酯(B)。近期关于胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂(glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist,GLP-1RA)类药物的研究证实,实现约10%的减重目标可有效延缓进展为T2DM。

T2DM:减重作为T2DM的主要治疗手段具有重要价值,对合并T2DM的超重或肥胖成人,应优选兼具减重和降糖疗效的GLP-1RA或葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽/胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂(glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist,GIP/GLP-1RA)类药物,包括替尔泊肽(A)、司美格鲁肽(A)和利拉鲁肽(A)。若无法使用优选药物,可在评估风险和不良反应后,考虑其他减重药物,包括芬特明-托吡酯(B)、纳曲酮-安非他酮(B)和奥利司他(B),也能获得一定的血糖改善。

HTN:HTN是与肥胖相关的疾病[56-57],体重减轻越多,SBP和DBP改善越显著,因此对于合并HTN的超重或肥胖成人,应优选具有降压获益证据的药物,包括替尔泊肽(A)、司美格鲁肽(A)、奥利司他(A)、芬特明-托吡酯(B)和利拉鲁肽(B)。值得注意的是,替尔泊肽、司美格鲁肽、利拉鲁肽以及芬特明-托吡酯可能会导致静息心率不同程度的增加,但对大多数个体无临床损害。纳曲酮-安非他酮不能随体重减轻而相应降低血压,且该药与芬特明均禁用于未控制的HTN患者。

ASCVD:肥胖会通过多种机制促进ASCVD的发生发展[58],强化生活方式干预实现的适度减重并未降低心血管事件发生率[59],仅体重降幅≥10%才会出现心血管事件的显著下降[60]。对合并确诊ASCVD的超重或肥胖成人,治疗方案应包括具有明确心血管获益的GLP-1RA或考虑可能兼具减重与潜在心血管获益的GIP/GLP-1RA。推荐药物包括司美格鲁肽(A)、利拉鲁肽(B)和替尔泊肽(B)。

射血分数保留的心力衰竭(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,HFpEF):肥胖是HFpEF发生发展的主要驱动因素。肥胖患者存在血浆容量增加及更明显的心脏重构[61]。对合并HFpEF的超重/肥胖成人,治疗方案应包含经证实可改善心力衰竭症状或降低心力衰竭事件的GLP-1RA或GIP/GLP-1RA,包括司美格鲁肽(A)和替尔泊肽(B)。

MASH:MASH可以直接导致肝脏不良结局,肝纤维化是疾病进展的预测因子,与肝脏相关结局及死亡密切相关。对合并MASH伴中度或进展期纤维化的超重或肥胖成人,治疗方案应优先选择对MASH已证实或可能获益的GLP-1RA或GIP/GLP-1RA,包括司美格鲁肽(A)、替尔泊肽(B)和利拉鲁肽(C)。可能需要减轻≥10%的体重才能逆转脂肪肝并改善纤维化[62]

OSA:OSA是与肥胖相关的疾病,以睡眠期间上气道部分或完全阻塞为特征,导致睡眠碎片化和低氧血症。对超重或肥胖合并中重度OSA的成人,治疗方案应优先选择经证实可改善OSA的药物,包括替尔泊肽(A)、芬特明-托吡酯(B)和利拉鲁肽(C)。

OA:OA是与肥胖相关的疾病,尤其是膝关节骨关节炎。体重增加≥10%与关节疼痛加剧和功能恶化相关[63],而相似幅度的体重减轻则可能改善症状[64]。对超重或肥胖合并中度骨关节炎的成人患者,治疗方案应优先选用可能改善骨关节炎症状的GLP-1RA或GIP/GLP-1RA,包括司美格鲁肽(B)、利拉鲁肽(C)和替尔泊肽(C)。

2.4 肥胖药物的长期管理

肥胖药物治疗过程中,剂量递增是实现疗效最优化与耐受性改善的关键环节。对于需进行剂量调整的药物,应遵循低剂量起始原则,并在综合评估患者耐受性及治疗反应后,逐步增加剂量。鉴于肥胖的慢性本质,达到治疗目标后通常需长期药物治疗以维持健康获益;停药常伴随体重反弹及心血管代谢危险因素或肥胖相关疾病的加重或复发。维持阶段的个体化剂量应在临床疗效、长期健康获益与药物耐受性之间寻求最佳平衡,未必需要采用获批的最大推荐剂量。

个体对肥胖药物的反应存在高度异质性。对当前肥胖药物治疗应答不足者,需避免治疗惰性,重新评估方案并实施强化治疗:首先建议将剂量增加至最大耐受剂量;若已达到最大耐受剂量治疗反应仍欠佳,可考虑更换其他肥胖药物、强化生活方式干预、联合用药或转诊行减重代谢手术。

2.5 肥胖药物联合生活方式干预

营养干预应根据个体饮食偏好和营养需求进行个体化定制,可考虑转诊至注册营养师处接受专业指导。对接受肥胖药物治疗者,应提供定期咨询和监测,以确保营养摄入充足,重点防范快速减重期的蛋白质摄入不足和微量营养素缺乏。应优先推荐摄入营养密集型食物,如优质蛋白质、水果、蔬菜、全谷物及健康脂肪;需保证充足的蛋白质摄入和饮水,建议每日至少摄入60 g蛋白质,减重期间通常推荐蛋白质摄入量达到1.2~1.6 g/(kg·d)[65];推荐每日饮水量男性为3.7 L,女性为2.7 L[66]。对于患有特定疾病的个体,蛋白质和液体摄入目标需个体化调整。在保证充足蛋白质摄入的同时,还应进行肌肉强化训练/抗阻运动,以最大程度减少减重所致的肌肉流失。

2.6 特殊人群与特殊情况

肥胖药物不应用于妊娠期、备孕期或哺乳期人群。对于有生育能力的个体,使用肥胖药物前应提供避孕方案咨询,并告知部分肥胖药物可能降低避孕效果[67],如替尔泊肽已被证实会显著影响口服避孕药吸收,因此指南明确建议,首次用药及每次剂量增加后的4周内,应改为非口服避孕方法或增加屏障避孕法。妊娠前至少停用肥胖药物2个月,加强生活方式行为干预以维持体重,并优化肥胖及相关疾病和并发症的管理策略。此外,指南不推荐采用未经美国食品药品监督管理局批准的复方药物,主要考虑其成分不确定性可能引发的安全性、质量稳定性及临床有效性风险。

2.7 临床实践

通过优化肥胖药物治疗的全流程管理,包括规范转诊机制、加强人员专业培训、实施用药前综合评估、整合生活方式与行为干预策略,并建立定期随访制度,多环节协同以保障用药安全并促进治疗依从性。若医疗机构尚不具备指南推荐的支持肥胖药物治疗的基础设施条件,应考虑启动转诊流程,将患者转至具备肥胖诊疗专业资质的医疗保健人员处接受规范治疗。开具肥胖药物的医疗保健专业人员应熟知其疗效、适应证、禁忌证、不良反应、获益及经济成本。在处方肥胖药物之前,应对患者的肥胖状态及相关疾病、并发症进行综合评估(表3)。临床机构应为接受肥胖药物治疗的个体提供行为与生活方式治疗支持;若本机构缺乏相应服务能力,则应将患者转诊至结构化生活方式干预项目,并与注册营养师或其他具备相关干预资质的医疗保健专业人员建立协作关系。药物治疗启动后,医疗保健专业人员应建立规范化随访制度,动态评估治疗反应、系统管理药物不良反应并持续监测患者整体健康状况。药物治疗的前3个月内至少每月随访1次,第4~12个月至少每3个月随访1次;1年后随访频率可降至每6个月1次。持续监测治疗和减重目标的达成与维持情况,对于未达到或未维持治疗目标者,须重新评估现有肥胖治疗方案,并采用补充性干预措施强化治疗,以规避治疗惰性。

2025年ADA《超重和肥胖标准化管理指南》系首次发布,其推荐意见主要依据当前最佳循证医学证据及美国肥胖临床诊疗现状制定。该指南以“以人为本”为核心价值导向,主张通过系统性变革消除体重偏见与污名化。同时明确肯定了肥胖药物在成人肥胖综合管理中的重要地位,强调药物治疗应遵循以人为本、以并发症为导向、个体化及长期治疗的基本原则,以期实现患者整体健康获益。该指南内容全面、推荐清晰、实用性强。然而,该指南主要基于欧美研究证据及美国医疗实践,我国临床医师在参考应用时,需充分结合国内肥胖管理的临床实际、中国人群的特异性循证证据,制定更为适宜中国人群的个体化肥胖综合管理策略。

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基金资助

重庆市南岸区科卫联合医学科研资助项目(2021-14)

重庆市南岸区科卫联合医学科研资助项目(2025-16)

重庆市卫健委中医科研资助项目(2024WSJK192)

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