满足欧7排放法规的轻型车制动磨损颗粒物排放测试研究

Emission Testing of Brake Wear Particulates from Light-Duty Vehicles Meeting Euro 7 Emission Regulations

摘要

为研究轻型车制动磨损颗粒物的排放特性与演化规律，支撑欧7排放标准下非尾气污染物排放控制技术的发展，本研究针对性开发了符合欧7排放标准的惯性试验台测试装备，系统地开展了轻型车制动磨损颗粒物排放规律的试验研究．首先对测试系统进行了合规性验证，结果表明，当系统处于最大工作流量(1 500 m³/h)工况时，固态颗粒物数量(SPN₁₀)浓度与总颗粒物数量(TPN₁₀)浓度均低至0个/cm³，在最小工作流量(300 m³/h)工况下，SPN₁₀浓度为12.80个/cm³，TPN₁₀浓度为16.80个/cm³，上述所有检测值均显著低于标准规定的20.00个/cm³最大背景浓度值，充分证明该测试系统对环境颗粒物背景的抗干扰能力合格，完全满足UN GTR-24法规的测试要求，可用于轻型车制动磨损颗粒物排放规律的研究．在制动器的磨合过程中，TPN₁₀排放浓度呈现波浪式下降趋势，这与磨合初期摩擦副表面粗糙度不均导致的磨损量波动直接相关，随着磨合次数的增加，摩擦界面逐渐平整，波动幅度逐步减小，而SPN₁₀排放浓度整体呈持续下降趋势．进一步分析温度对颗粒物排放的影响机制，发现TPN₁₀排放与平均制动温度呈正相关性，主要因制动过程中产生的高温会对摩擦片材料产生烧蚀作用，促使其释放了大量挥发性物质，这些物质在环境中冷凝后形成挥发性颗粒物，进而导致TPN₁₀浓度升高．在排放测试循环中，PM_2.5(粒径≤2.5 µm的颗粒物)排放因子为0.50 mg/km，PM₁₀(粒径≤10 µm颗粒物)排放因子为0.60 mg/km，细颗粒的排放数量远高于粗颗粒的排放数量．

Abstract

To investigate the emission characteristics and evolution patterns of brake wear particulates(BWPs) from light-duty vehicles and to support the development of non-exhaust emission control technologies compliant with Euro 7 emission standards, this study developed an inertial dynamometer test system meeting the Euro 7 emission standards. Subsequently, systematic experimental investigations were conducted to analyze the emission patterns of BWPs from light-duty vehicles. First, compliance verification of the test system was performed. The results showed that, under the maximum flow rate condition(1 500 m³/h), both the solid particle number (SPN₁₀) concentration and total particle number (TPN₁₀) concentration were as low as 0 /cm³, whereas under the minimum flow rate condition (300 m³/h), the SPN₁₀ concentration was 12.80 /cm³, while the TPN concentration was 16.80 /cm³. All the measured values were significantly lower than the maximum background concentration limit of 20.00 /cm³ specified in the standards, confirming that the test system has adequate anti-interference capability against ambient particle backgrounds, meets the test compliance requirements of the UN GTR-24 regulations, and is suitable for investigating the BWPs emissions from light-duty vehicles. During the brake bedding process, the TPN₁₀ concentration exhibited a wavy downward trend—this phenomenon is directly related to fluctuations in wear volume caused by the uneven surface roughness of the friction pair during the initial bedding process. As bedding frequency increases, the friction interface gradually becomes smooth, with the fluctuation amplitude decreasing gradually. In contrast, the SPN₁₀ concentration showed an overall continuous downward trend. Further analysis of the temperature influence mechanism revealed a positive correlation between TPN₁₀ emissions and the average brake temperature. This is mainly because the high temperature generated during braking causes ablation of the friction pad material, promoting the release of large amounts of volatile substances, which condense to form volatile particulate, thereby increasing the TPN₁₀ concentration. Over the complete emission test cycle, the emission factor of PM_2.5 (particles with a particle size ≤2.5 µm) was 0.50 mg/km, and that of PM₁₀(particles with a particle size ≤10 µm) was 0.60 mg/km, with fine particle emissions being much higher than coarse particle emissions.

关键词

非尾气颗粒物 / 制动磨损 / 排放特性 / 欧7排放法规 / 惯性试验台

Key words

non-exhaust particulate matter / brake wear / emission characteristics / Euro 7 emission regulations / inertia dynamometer

参考文献

[1] Arole K, Velhal M, Tajedini M, et al. Impacts of particles released from vehicles on environment and health[J]. Tribology International, 2023, 184:108417.

[2] 杨皓, 张永强, 李聪, 等. 基于TEM、FT—IR和XPS的PODE_2—4/柴油混合燃料颗粒物特性 [J]. 内燃机学报, 2022, 40(1):38-45.

[3] Yang Hao, Zhang Yongqiang, Li Cong, et al. Characteristics of exhaust particles of PODE_2—4/diesel blended fuel based on TEM, FT—IR and XPS measurements [J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2022, 40(1):38-45(in Chinese).

[4] Harrison R M, Jones A M, Gietl J, et al. Estimation of the contributions of brake dust, tire wear, and resuspension to nonexhaust traffic particles derived from atmospheric measurements[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012, 46(12):6523-6529.

[5] zum Hagen F H F, Mathissen M, Grabiec T, et al. On—road vehicle measurements of brake wear particle emissions[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2019, 217:116943.

[6] Mathissen M, Grigoratos T, Lahde T, et al. Brake wear particle emissions of a passenger car measured on a chassis dynamometer[J]. Atmosphere, 2019, 10(9):556.

[7] zum Hagen F H F, Mathissen M, Grabiec T, et al. Study of brake wear particle emissions: Impact of braking and cruising conditions[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019, 53(9):5143-5150.

[8] Wang Y C, Yin H, Yang Z J, et al. Assessing the brake particle emissions for sustainable transport: A review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2022, 167:112737.

[9] 谷雨, 吕誉, 黄小清, 等. 满足欧Ⅶ排放法规的轻型车制动磨损颗粒物测试装备开发[J]. 内燃机工程, 2026, 47(1):48-53.

[10] Gu Yu, Lü Yu, Huang Xiaoqing, et al. Development of testing equipment for brake wear particles of light—duty vehicles complying with Euro Ⅶ emission regulations[J]. Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering, 2026, 47(1):48-53(in Chinese).

[11] 危红媛, 白凤月, 王宠, 等. 不同测试循环下的制动鼓磨损排放研究[J]. 汽车工程, 2025, 47(2):301—308, 341.

[12] Wei Hongyuan, Bai Fengyue, Wang Chong, et al. Experimental study on wear emission under different test cycles of brake drum[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025, 47(2):301-308, 341(in Chinese).

[13] Wang Y C, Li J C, Yin H, et al. A new method to assess vehicle airborne non—exhaust particles: Principle, application and emission evaluation[J]. Applied Energy, 2023, 352:121942.

[14] Wahlström J, Lyu Y Z, Matjeka V, et al. A pin—on—disc tribometer study of disc brake contact pairs with respect to wear and airborne particle emissions[J]. Wear, 2017, 384:124-130.

[15] Niemann H, Winner H, Asbach C, et al. Influence of disc temperature on ultrafine, fine, and coarse particle emissions of passenger car disc brakes with organic and inorganic pad binder materials[J]. Atmosphere, 2020, 11(10):1060.

[16] Men Z Y, Zhang X F, Peng J F, et al. Determining factors and parameterization of brake wear particle emission[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022, 434:128856.

[17] Namgung H G, Kim J B, Woo S H, et al. Generation of nanoparticles from friction between railway brake disks and pads[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(7):3453-3461.

基金资助

重庆市自然科学基金资助项目(CSTB2025NSCQ-GPX0567)

中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司科技发展基金资助项目(0002KTCP20252380)