长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物重金属污染特征及年际变化分析

Pollution Status and Annual Variations of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments from the Yangtze River Estuary and Its Adjacent Areas

摘要

对2014—2023年长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn和As 6种重金属元素的分布、来源及年际变化进行了分析，并结合单因子污染指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法，进一步评价分析了研究区表层沉积物重金属污染状况和潜在生态风险程度．结果显示，研究区域符合海洋沉积物一类标准的站位达90%以上，主要超标因子为Cu，重金属高值区一般分布在长江口、杭州湾和象山港口门内侧的近岸地区．Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn和As等单个重金属含量年际变化整体呈现波动式下降趋势，年平均单因子污染指数均不大于1，研究海域沉积物质量现状良好．Cd和Hg年平均地累积指数均大于0，属于轻度污染，对其的长期监测工作值得重点关注. 沉积物重金属的总潜在生态危害程度为中等等级，Hg和Cd部分站位达到强和极强的生态危害程度，二者易在大型底栖生物体内富集，其中，Cd对生物生存繁衍影响相对较大．6种重金属元素对长江口及其邻近海域生态构成潜在危害风险顺序为Hg＞Cd＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn，重金属潜在生态风险危害指数的年际变化趋势与Cd和Hg含量相近，总体表现为下降趋势，生态风险较高的区域主要位于上海近岸海域．主成分分析结果显示，沉积物重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Hg和Cd的主要来源为工业排污的点源污染，As为矿业开采和农业化肥、农药使用残留的面源污染.

Abstract

The distribution and origin of six heavy metals (Hg，Cu，Pb，Cd，Zn，and As) and their annual variations were analyzed based on the monitoring data of surface sediment samples collected from the Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent areas during the period from 2014 to 2023. The pollution status and potential ecological risk of these heavy metals were evaluated using the methods of single-factor pollution index，geoaccumulation index，and potential ecological risk index. The results indicate that more than 90% of the sampling sites meet the first-class standard of the national marine sedimentary evaluation criteria. Notably，Cu is the primary heavy metal exceeding the standard，and elevated metal concentrations are mainly distributed in nearshore areas of the inner Yangtze River Estuary，Hangzhou Bay，and Xiangshan Port. The annual variations of all six heavy metals generally show a fluctuating downward trend. The annual average single-factor pollution index for each metal does not exceed 1，indicating good sediment quality. Meanwhile，the annual average geoaccumulation index values of Cd and Hg exceed 0，signifying mild pollution. Consequently，long-term monitoring efforts targeting these elements warrant prioritized attention. Overall，the potential ecological risk level of the sediment heavy metals indicates a medium pollution risk throughout the study period. In particular，Hg and Cd show high and extremely high ecological risks，respectively，in some stations. Both elements are prone to bioaccumulation in macrobenthic organisms，with Cd showing a significant inhibitory effect on their survival and reproduction. Further，the potential ecological risk of the analyzed heavy metals exhibits the following order：Hg＞Cd＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn. Their interannual variation of potential ecological risk index exhibits a trend similar to that of Cd and Hg concentrations—an overall decreasing trend. Notably，areas with high ecological risk values are primarily distributed in the coastal waters of Shanghai. Finally，principal component analysis reveals that the Cu，Pb，Zn，Hg，and Cd concentrations in the sediments are primarily attributable to point-source pollution from industrial discharges，whereas the As concentration is mainly associated with non-point-source inputs，including mining activities and residual agricultural chemicals (e.g.，fertilizers and pesticides).

关键词

长江口及其邻近海域 / 表层沉积物 / 重金属 / 年际变化

Key words

Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent areas / surface sediment / heavy metal / annual variation

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划资助项目(2023YFC3108003)

国家重点研发计划资助项目(2023YFC3108004)