典型干旱区城市基调树种白榆年内径向生长及其对气象因子的响应

Intra-annual radial growth of Ulmus pumila, a fundamental urban tree species in typical arid regions, and its response to meteorological factors

摘要

【目的】乌鲁木齐市地处典型干旱区，城市树木生长易受水分亏缺、高温、大气干旱等因素影响。为明确干旱区城市基调树种年内径向生长动态特征及其与气象因子的关系，以乌鲁木齐市白榆为对象，分析其日尺度、季节尺度径向生长规律及主要气象驱动因子，为干旱区城市绿化管理与生态规划提供科学依据。【方法】利用高精度树木径向生长测量仪对乌鲁木齐市区内 4 株白榆样木开展为期 3 年（2019—2021 年）的径向生长监测，分析其径向生长日周期的昼夜变化和季节动态规律。结合气象站同步观测的气温、降水量、饱和水汽压差及不同土层地温等气象因子数据，采用最大值法、温度阈值法、Gompertz 生长模型、Pearson 相关分析和滑动相关分析，确定白榆生长季起止日和生长速率峰值日，计算生长启动的平均生长速率，并识别影响其径向生长的主要气象因子。【结果】（1）确定乌鲁木齐市白榆的生长季为 4 月上旬至 11 月上旬（DOY103—309 左右），白榆生长速率峰值日集中于 5 月中旬（DOY 约 135），平均生长启动速率约为 10 µm/d；（2）白榆径向生长主要发生在夜间 21：00 至 03：00，并在 02：00 左右达到生长峰值，具有明显的昼夜节律性与季节周期性；（3）相关性分析表明，白榆径向生长与降水量和相对湿度呈显著正相关，与饱和水汽压差和日照时数呈显著负相关，水分条件是限制其径向生长的主要因素。滑动相关分析显示，生长季前期径向生长主要受气温和地温驱动，盛夏至秋季逐渐转为受降水和相对湿度主导。【结论】乌鲁木齐市白榆径向生长“昼缩夜胀”，具有稳定的季节周期性；其生长响应表现出由前期“热量驱动”向中后期“水分驱动”的季节性转换。研究发现，20 cm 地温稳定通过 12.5 ℃ 的阈值对生长季启动预测有一定的指示意义。研究结果可为干旱区城市白榆物候预测、精准灌溉、绿地养护管理及城市森林生态功能维持提供科学依据。

Abstract

[Objective] Urumqi is located in a typical arid region, where urban tree growth is highly susceptible to water deficit, high temperature, atmospheric drought, and related environmental stresses. To clarify the intra-annual radial growth dynamics of dominant urban tree species in arid regions, and its relationship with meteorological factors, this study investigated the radial growth patterns of Ulmus pumila at daily and seasonal scales and identified the major meteorological drivers. The results are expected to provide a scientific basis for urban greening management and ecological planning in arid regions. [Method] High-precision radius dendrometers were used to monitor the radial growth of four U. pumila in urban Urumqi over three consecutive years from 2019 to 2021. Diurnal variation and seasonal dynamics of radial growth were analyzed. We used key meteorological data from a nearby weather station. The data included air temperature, precipitation, vapor pressure deficit, and soil temperature at different soil depths. We applied five analytical methods: the maximum value method, temperature threshold method, Gompertz growth model, Pearson correlation analysis, and sliding correlation analysis. These methods were used to determine the start and end dates of the Ulmus pumila growing season, as well as the date of peak growth rate. We also calculated the average growth rate at growth onset, and identified the main meteorological factors affecting radial growth. [Result] (1) The growing season of U. pumila in Urumqi lasted from early April to early November (approximately DOY 103–309). The peak growth rate occurred in mid-May (approximately DOY 135). The average growth rate at growth onset was approximately 10 µm/d. (2) Radial growth mainly occurred at night, approximately from 21:00 to 03:00, and reached its daily peak at around 02:00, indicating distinct diurnal rhythmicity and seasonal periodicity. (3) Correlation analysis showed that the radial growth of U. pumila was significantly and positively correlated with precipitation and relative humidity, whereas it was significantly and negatively correlated with vapor pressure deficit and sunshine duration, indicating that water availability was the primary factor limiting its radial growth. Moving correlation analysis further revealed that radial growth during the early growing season was mainly driven by air temperature and soil temperature, and gradually shifted to be dominated by precipitation and relative humidity from mid-summer through autumn. [Conclusion] The radial growth of U. pumila in Urumqi showed a pronounced daily rhythm of daytime contraction and nighttime expansion, as well as stable seasonal periodicity. Its growth response exhibited a seasonal transition from thermal regulation in the early growing season to water limitation in the middle and late growing season. The date on which soil temperature at a depth of 20 cm remained above 12.5 ℃ provided a reliable indicator of growing-season onset. These findings offer quantitative support for phenological forecasting, precision irrigation, urban green-space management, and the maintenance of urban forest ecosystem functions in arid regions.

关键词

干旱区 / 生长季 / 径向生长 / 动态变化 / 气象因子

Key words

drought / growing season / radial growth / dynamic change / meteorological factor

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基金资助

新疆维吾尔自治区天山创新团队(2025D14004)

新疆维吾尔自治区天山英才培养计划(2024TSYCCX0041)

新疆维吾尔自治区杰出青年科学基金

国家自然科学基金(42375054、42675059)

中国气象科学研究院创新发展专项(2021KJ034)