气候变化背景下针叶林小蠹灾害发生机制与防控策略研究进展

Research advances on the occurrence mechanisms and management strategies of bark beetle outbreaks in coniferous forests under climate change

摘要

气候变化正在改变全球针叶林小蠹灾害格局，并使我国天然针叶林面临虫害发生频率升高、暴发强度增强和危害范围扩大的新风险。本文以全球针叶林小蠹灾害变化为主线，以我国天然针叶林，尤其天山雪岭云杉林为落脚点，系统梳理主要致灾类群、区域发生格局、气候驱动机制和综合防控策略，按照“全球格局—气候响应—暴发机制—监测预警与综合防控技术—中国天然林启示”的逻辑主线展开归纳评述。齿小蠹属、大小蠹属和切梢小蠹属等主要致灾类群在北美、欧洲和亚洲针叶林中造成显著危害，并在气候变暖背景下呈现出发育加快、世代数增加、越冬存活率提高、分布区向高纬度和高海拔扩展等响应特征。我国天然针叶林小蠹灾害具有发生区域广、致灾种类杂、基础研究薄弱和防控难度高等特点；此外，天山东部雪岭云杉林灾害还体现出“异常气候—树势衰弱—小蠹暴发—林分衰退”的级联过程。在驱动机制上，环境升温通过促进小蠹发育和延长有效扬飞期提高种群增长潜力；干旱与高温复合胁迫通过削弱寄主水分平衡调节、碳同化代谢和树脂（萜烯类）防御能力降低寄主防御阈值；风倒、干旱、火灾等复合扰动造成虫源积累，林分结构同质化则进一步推动灾害的空间扩展。未来应加强本土致灾种生物生态学、级联成灾机制、寄主易感性定量评估、物候与风险预测模型、“天空地”一体化监测预警和天然林分阶段综合防控技术研究，推动小蠹灾害防控由经验处置转向机制驱动、模型支撑的精准决策和以生态韧性提升为目标的全周期管理。

Abstract

Climate change is reshaping the global pattern of bark beetle outbreaks in coniferous forests and is exposing China’s natural coniferous forests to emerging risks of increasing outbreak frequency, intensity, and spatial extent. Taking global changes in conifer-infesting bark beetle outbreaks as the main framework and China’s natural coniferous forests, particularly the Picea schrenkiana forests in the Tianshan Mountains, as the focal context, this review systematically synthesizes the major damaging taxa, regional outbreak patterns, climate-driven mechanisms, and integrated management strategies. Based on domestic and international literature, this review follows the logic of ‘global patterns−climate responses−outbreak mechanisms−monitoring, early warning, and integrated management−implications for China’s natural forests’ to summarize and evaluate current research progress. Major damaging taxa, including Ips, Dendroctonus, and Tomicus, have caused substantial damage to coniferous forests in North America, Europe, and Asia. Under climate warming, these taxa show pronounced responses, including accelerated development, increased voltinism, higher overwintering survival, and range expansion toward higher latitudes and elevations. Bark beetle outbreaks in China’s natural coniferous forests are characterized by broad geographic occurrence, diverse damaging species, insufficient basic research, and high management difficulty. For example, bark beetle outbreaks in eastern Tianshan spruce forests reflect a cascading process of ‘climate anomaly−host decline−bark beetle outbreak−stand deterioration’. Warming increases population growth potential by accelerating beetle development and prolonging the effective flight period. Compound drought and heat stress lowers host defense thresholds by impairing water regulation, carbon metabolism, and resin-terpene defenses. Compound disturbances, including windthrow, drought, fire, and stand homogenization, further promote beetle population build-up and spatial spread. Future research should strengthen studies on the biology and ecology of native damaging species, cascading outbreak mechanisms, quantitative assessment of host susceptibility, phenology and risk prediction models, integrated space-air-ground monitoring and early warning, and stage-specific integrated management technologies for natural forests. These efforts will support a shift in bark beetle management from experience-based intervention toward mechanism-driven, model-supported, and resilience-oriented strategies.

关键词

气候变化 / 小蠹 / 针叶林 / 暴发机制 / 种群动态 / 监测预警 / 天然林保护

Key words

climate change / bark beetle / coniferous forest / outbreak mechanism / population dynamics / monitoring and early warning / natural forest conservation

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基金资助

天山东部国有林管理局研究类项目： 天山东部天然针叶林钻蛀性害虫监测预警和生态调控技术研究项目