莺歌海盆地东方区晚中新世粗粒与细粒沉积物源汇系统特征及成因分析

Characteristics and Genetic Analysis of Coarse⁃Grained and Fine⁃Grained Source⁃to⁃Sink Systems in Dongfang Area of Yinggehai Basin during Late Miocene

摘要

为了解莺歌海盆地东方区黄流组一段粗粒与细粒沉积物源汇系统的差异特征，综合运用矿物学、锆石U-Pb年代学和 Sr-Nd同位素分析方法，分别对莺歌海盆地东方区黄流组一段粗粒与细粒沉积物的物源特征进行定量分析.结果表明：莺歌海盆地东方区晚中新世粗粒沉积物的红河物源平均供源占比可达约65%，越南中部物源平均供源占比约为16%，海南岛物源平均供源占比约为19%；细粒沉积物的红河物源平均供源占比约为44%，越南中部物源平均供源占比约为37%，海南岛物源平均供源占比约为19%.粗粒沉积物比细粒沉积物具有更高的红河物源和更少的越南中部物源，推测是受晚中新世青藏高原快速隆升，红河断裂反转的影响.此外，粗粒与细粒沉积物源汇系统特征的差异还受到沉积物中较低的重矿物和较高的泥质含量的影响.

Abstract

In order to understand the different characteristics of the source-sink system of the first member of the Huangliu Formation in the eastern part of the Yinggehai basin, the provenance characteristics of coarse-grained and fine-grained sediments in the first member of Huangliu Formation in the eastern part of Yinggehai basin were quantitatively analyzed by means of mineralogy, zircon U-Pb chronology and Sr-Nd isotope analysis. The results show that the average source proportion of the Late Miocene coarse-grained sediments in the eastern part of Yinggehai Basin can reach about 65%, with that in central Vietnam at about 16%, and that in Hainan Island at about 19%. The average source of fine sediment is about 44% in Red River, about 37% in central Vietnam and about 19% in Hainan Island. Coarse-grained sediments have higher Red River provenance and less central Vietnam provenance than fine-grained sediments, presumably due to the rapid uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the reversal of the Red River fault zone in the Late Miocene. Furthermore, the differences in the characteristics of the source-sink systems of coarse-grained and fine-grained sediment are also influenced by the lower content of heavy minerals and the higher content of mud in the sediments.

Graphical abstract

关键词

莺歌海盆地 / 源汇系统 / 重矿物 / 锆石 / 年代学 / 同位素.

Key words

Yinggehai basin / source⁃sink system / heavy mineral / zircon / chronology / isotope

0 引言

南海作为西太平洋最大的边缘海，拥有复杂的构造特征与沉积背景，发育了极其丰富的油气与矿产资源，多年来一直是我国勘探开发的重点区域（谢玉洪等，2015；Wang et al.， 2019a）.莺歌海盆地是南海西北部被动大陆边缘的新生代含油气盆地，紧邻印度‒澳大利亚板块与欧亚板块，其构造演化受多板块活动的影响（谢玉洪等，2015；Fyhn et al.， 2019）.目前莺歌海盆地天然气勘探工作取得了较大突破，发现了多个浅层、中深层气田以及多个含油气构造，拥有良好的油气勘探前景（张建新等，2019）.物源分析作为储层预测与评价的核心基础，对于油气勘探开发工作具有重要的指导意义，是其顺利开展的重要前提.

莺歌海盆地新生代经历了多期构造‒沉积演化阶段，期间存在数个方向的物源供给，其潜在物源区主要有：盆地西北侧的红河水系物源、西侧的越南中部物源和东侧的海南岛物源（Wang et al.， 2015；谢玉洪等，2015；Fyhn et al.， 2019；王华等，2022；张旭友等，2024）.红河水系是莺歌海盆地最大的陆源碎屑供应带，受红河断裂带阶段性活动影响，红河物源区包含多种沉积岩与高级变质岩，且发育多时代岩浆岩.红河物源规模大、搬运距离长，区域主要河流有红河、沱江和泸江（谢海洋等，2025）.越南中部物源控制莺西斜坡的沉积物供给，地层出露较为齐全，母岩岩性以碎屑岩、灰岩为主，夹杂基性、酸性喷出岩和花岗岩，分布少部分高级变质岩，整体上与红河物源的锆石U⁃Pb年龄特征相似.越南中部是莺歌海盆地西部物源的主要碎屑来源，主要河流由北至南依次为马江、蓝江、宋河、贤良河、东河、香江和秋盆河.海南岛以印支期和燕山期中酸性侵入岩为特点，出露岩石主要为岩浆岩，是近岸莺东斜坡的重要物源区，海南岛西部的主要河流有珠碧江、昌化江、北黎河、感恩河、望楼河、宁远河（曹立成，2014；Wang et al.， 2015；王策，2016；Fyhn et al.， 2019）.

Yan et al. （2011）首次将锆石U⁃Pb测年方法应用到对莺歌海盆地东侧物源的研究中，并肯定了海南岛物源的贡献；李慧明（2012）通过分析重矿物组合特征认为莺歌海盆地越南方向的物源随地层变浅而增加，而海南岛物源始终为主要的物源区；曹立成（2014）通过重矿物组合以及锆石U⁃Pb年龄分析认为晚中新世越东物源对莺歌海盆地东方区的供源增强；王策（2016）通过碎屑锆石U⁃Pb年龄、Lu⁃Hf同位素研究认为莺歌海盆地东方区晚中新世的主要物源为红河物源，并通过Sr⁃Nd同位素分析进一步肯定了红河物源对莺歌海盆地的贡献，但是因缺少越南中部和海南岛物源区的Sr同位素数据并没有进一步分析各源区贡献；黄银涛等（2018）综合砂岩碎屑组分、重矿物、古水流以及岩石元素地球化学分析认为西部昆嵩隆起提供了盆地浅海重力流沉积体系的物质来源.前人认为红河物源与越南中部物源对莺歌海盆地东方区的影响较大，同时海南岛也是主要源区之一.

前人从重矿物、锆石U⁃Pb测年与地球化学等方面对莺歌海盆地的物源进行了大量研究，然而并没有针对不同粒径的沉积物物源差异进行分析.并且前人研究重点主要放在砂质沉积物上，对于泥质沉积物的源汇系统研究还存在不少空白.本文基于前人工作，通过重矿物组合与碎屑锆石U⁃Pb测年对以砂岩为主的粗粒沉积物的物源信息进行分析；同时利用Sr⁃Nd同位素分析粉砂岩、泥岩等细粒沉积物的物源，旨在探究莺歌海盆地东方区粗粒与细粒物源的供应差异，细化盆地源‒汇体系，为更好服务于海洋石油勘探与开发提供了理论依据.

1 区域地质背景

莺歌海盆地东临海南岛，西靠越南，北接河内凹陷和北部湾盆地，东南与琼东南盆地相连，盆地呈NW⁃SE向条带展布，西北部收缩狭窄，中南部宽广平缓，整体为菱形（图1），总面积约为11.2×10⁴ km²（谢玉洪等，2015；黄银涛等，2016；王华等，2022；胡高伟等，2024）.莺歌海盆地受板块俯冲、块体逃逸、地幔挤压和地壳伸展等多种板块构造活动的影响，平均地温梯度较高，发育强烈的泥底辟活动以及异常高温高压地层系统等地质现象，具有地壳薄、沉降深、沉积快、地温梯度高和天然气积累丰富的特征（姜涛和解习农，2005；谢玉洪等，2015）.莺歌海盆地油气成藏体系复杂，油气资源以天然气为主，石油地质条件较好，具备优良的生储盖组合配置（谢玉洪等，2015）.

莺歌海盆地基底主要由花岗岩、变质岩、砂岩、灰岩、白云岩等沉积岩构成，盆地内充填始新统以上完整的新时代沉积地层.莺歌海盆地沉积充填序列自下至上依次为渐新统的崖城组和陵水组，中新统的三亚组、梅山组和黄流组，上新统的莺歌海组以及更新统的乐东组（图2；Wang et al.， 2015；李亚茹等，2022；党亚云，2023；Meng et al.， 2023）.

2 样品与研究方法

2.1　重矿物分析

重矿物是指沉积岩中相对密度大于2.9 g/cm³的陆源碎屑矿物，其在沉积岩中的质量分数通常低于1%.重矿物种类丰富，由于其化学性质稳定且抗风化能力较强，对于揭示岩石的来源、成分以及地质历史具有重要的指示作用（Morton et al.， 2011）.

本研究井位重矿物资料来自中海石油（中国）有限公司海南分公司，涵盖15口钻井（图1），同时引用了10条已发表的现代河流重矿物数据.为充分利用数据、减小误差、凸显重矿物对比结果，本文选取了锆石、电气石、金红石、石榴石、帘石类、角闪石、榍石、十字石、锐钛矿、板钛矿、辉石、独居石、尖晶石、磷钇矿等14种相对含量较高的透明重矿物.

2.2　锆石U⁃Pb测年

U⁃Pb测年是通过测量矿物中铀（U）同位素衰变成铅（Pb）同位素的比值来确定岩石或矿物的形成年龄.锆石物理化学特征稳定，富含U和Th以及低普通Pb含量，因此通常会对样品进行单颗粒锆石U⁃Pb年龄测定，可以得到目标盆地沉积物的U⁃Pb年龄频谱.年龄频谱中的多个频率峰值可以反映源区的地质事件特征，从而判断物源组成（Vermeesch， 2012；曹立成，2014；王策，2016；崔宇驰等，2018；Wang et al.， 2020）.

本文引用已发表的莺歌海盆地8口井以及10条现代河流的锆石U⁃Pb测年数据.本文处理碎屑锆石U⁃Pb测年数据时采取Compston的计算方法，对于年龄小于1 000 Ma的样品选取²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U得出的年龄，对于年龄大于1 000 Ma的样品选取²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb得出的年龄，并且仅选取谐和度大于90%的数据（Compston et al.， 1992）.

2.3　Sr⁃Nd同位素测试

Sr同位素具有低溶解度和弱活动性的特点，基本不会随温压与生物扰动变化；Nd 同位素能够反映物质在地壳的停留时间（黄思静等，2001；毛光周和刘池洋，2011；王策，2016；张磊等，2022）.将Sr⁃Nd同位素与Rstudio的simmr应用包（Parnell et al.， 2013）中的贝叶斯混合模型相结合，可以对沉积物各源区占比进行定量计算.

本研究根据中海石油（中国）有限公司提供的岩心、岩屑样品对DF1313、DF1314、DF13110、DF1322、DF1328d、DF1127等6口井黄一段的泥岩/泥质粉砂岩进行了采集并进行Sr⁃Nd同位素检测.此外，文章引用了王策（2016）发表的4口井Sr⁃Nd同位素测试数据.

Sr⁃Nd同位素分析在武汉上谱科技有限责任公司的实验室使用MC⁃ICP⁃MS进行测试.首先将沉积物样品在约50 ℃的低温下进行干燥，然后进行研磨并使用稀盐酸去除样品中碳酸钙与其他自生成分.再使用HNO₃和HF溶解，利用阳离子交换树脂AG50⁃G8在2 mol/L HCl溶液中分离Sr和Nd，使用Ln阳离子交换树脂分离Sm和Nd.在武汉上谱科技有限责任公司实验室的多接收质谱仪（MC⁃ICP⁃MS）上进行了Nd和Sr同位素测量.在测量期间的质量分馏效应采用⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.119 4校正Sr同位素质量偏差，采用¹⁴⁶Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd=0.721 9校正Nd同位素质量偏差.为采监测测定的精密度和准确度，用国际标样NBS987和Jndi⁃1分别对对Sr同位素和Nd同位素进行监控，其中NBS987标样中⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.710 252±0.000 006（2σ），Jndi⁃1标样中¹⁴³Nd/ ¹⁴⁴Nd =0.512 096±0.000 007（2σ）.ε_Nd（0）的计算公式为：ε_Nd（0）=［（（¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd_测试值/0.512 638））-1］× 10 000.Sr和Nd详细的测试方法可参阅梁细荣等（2003）、Wei et al.（2004）和杨岳衡等（2005，2007）.

数据引用详情如表1所示.

3 粗粒与细粒沉积物源汇系统特征及差异

3.1　粗粒沉积物源汇系统特征

莺歌海盆地黄流组一段重矿物组合特征与平面分布如图3和图4所示.整体上来看，不同井位角闪石、辉石和独居石含量差异明显，DF141和DF13114井辉石‒角闪石含量明显较高，表现为高级变质岩与基性火山岩的组合特征，结合其地理位置推测井位附近受红河物源影响较大.研究区南部的井位普遍表现出电气石‒石榴石‒独居石含量高的特征（图4），指示高级变质岩与岩浆岩，符合红河物源与越南中部物源的岩性特征，且多数井位ZTR值较高，推测搬运距离相对较远，说明研究区南部大多数井位主要受红河与越南中部物源影响.DF531井具有高锆石低石榴石含量的特点，表明研究区东部依然受海南岛物源影响.

各物源区主要河流的沉积物碎屑锆石U⁃Pb年龄谱系图如图5所示.本文选取的井样品均为黄一段，各井样品的碎屑锆石U⁃Pb年龄谱系图如图6所示.

结果表明：红河的锆石主要年龄峰值有 249 Ma、418 Ma，处于印支期和加里东期；次级年龄峰值有29 Ma、82 Ma、111 Ma、761 Ma、952 Ma、 1 872 Ma和2 922 Ma，在喜马拉雅期、燕山期、晋宁期、吕梁期和扬子期都有分布.马江、蓝江和宋河的主要年龄峰值分别为242 Ma、249 Ma、245 Ma，处于印支期；马江在加里东期和晋宁期也有较弱年龄峰值；蓝江和宋河的次级年龄峰值在加里东期、晋宁期和扬子期均有分布，除此之外蓝江还有一个 29 Ma的次级年龄峰值，处于喜马拉雅期；宋河也有一个位于吕梁期的1 833 Ma的次级年龄峰值.来自海南岛的6条河流中，珠碧江、昌化江与北黎河的锆石年龄峰值较为相似，主要年龄峰值分别为 249 Ma、232 Ma、230 Ma，位于印支期，次级年龄峰值分别为98 Ma、103 Ma、99 Ma，位于燕山期；感恩河仅有一条主要年龄峰值为235 Ma，处于印支期；望楼河与宁远河的主要年龄峰值分别为108 Ma和98 Ma，位于燕山期，次级年龄峰值分别为230 Ma、237 Ma，均位于印支期.综合来说，红河物源区的锆石年龄在各地质活动时期均有分布，其中突出的为印支期和加里东期；来自越南中部物源区三条河流的锆石年龄主要集中在印支期，在加里东期、晋宁期和扬子期有少量分布；来自海南岛物源区六条河流的锆石年龄基本集中在燕山期和印支期.

可以发现L11井的锆石年龄分布主要集中在印支期，在燕山期也有少量分布，与珠碧江、昌化江和北黎河的锆石年龄特征吻合较好；L262井主要与次要年龄峰值分别为加里东期和印支期，与红河的锆石年龄特征较为相似；LO井的锆石年龄表现出红河与蓝江的组合特征；DF1112井在晋宁期有明显年龄峰值为776 Ma，考虑受红河物源影响较大；DF1312和DF1313井的锆石年龄在多个地质活动时期均有分布，推断两个井位均受红河与越南中部物源影响，其中DF1313井在晋宁期有较高峰值，推测DF1313井有更多红河物源影响；HK29井的锆石主要年龄峰值表现出与红河极为类似的双主峰特征，且在其他地质时期均表现出次峰值分布，证明此时来自红河的物源供给占据较大优势；HK30井的锆石主要年龄峰值都位于印支期，次级年龄峰值位于燕山期和加里东期，表现为红河与海南岛混合供源特点.

在分析各样品锆石U⁃Pb年龄谱系图的基础上，结合各井位与河流位置，使用逆蒙特卡洛模型对各井的物源组成进行数值拟合与定量分析（Saylor and Sundell， 2016；Sundell and Saylor， 2017），拟合结果见图7，各源区现代河流相对贡献分布如图8所示.

可以看出，莺歌海盆地东方区整体上来自红河流域的物源占比最高.红河物源占比为2%~93%，平均值为65%；越南中部物源占比为4%~50%，平均值为16%；海南岛物源占比为1%~95%，平均值为19%.研究区北部（如HK29）的主要物源来自红河；研究区东侧越贴近海南岛的位置，海南岛物源的相对含量更高，如HK30比HK29包含更多来自昌化江的物源；靠近越南中部的井位如LO、DF1312则在主要物源供应为红河的基础上，次级物源供应为蓝江与马江；研究区南部井位的主要碎屑来源依旧为红河，夹杂少量其他源区供应.

为进一步验证结论的准确性，对盆地黄流组一段样品与现代潜在物源河流的碎屑锆石年龄进行半定量分析得到非度量多维标度（MDS）图（图9），可以看到：L11井与珠碧江物源的亲缘关系较为紧密；盆地东方区整体上物源以红河物源为主，与重矿物特征结论相符.

3.2　细粒沉积物源汇系统特征

通过对莺歌海盆地各井位黄一段样品进行Sr⁃Nd同位素检测，可以发现：⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值范围为 0.712 119~0.719 524，平均值为0.715 590；¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd变化范围为0.512 040~0.512 084；对应ε_Nd（0）均为负值，范围介于-11.665 15~-10.806 84.结合前期认识，红河物源区的样品范围为现代红河及其支流，⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr和¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd值跨度范围较大，⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr范围为0.713 146~0.767 424，平均值为0.728 814；对应ε_Nd（0）范围介于-14.454 64~-8.540 40.越南中部物源区的样品范围为马江和蓝江，⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr处于0.714 874~0.724 133，平均值为0.720 93；ε_Nd（0）范围介于-14.142 53~-11.860 22.海南岛物源区则为昌化江，⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值为0.728 425，对应ε_Nd（0）值为-9.324 318 5.

由ε_Nd（0）-⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr图解（图10）可以看出，整体上ε_Nd（0）和⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值有负相关的趋势.莺歌海盆地黄一段井样品的散点分布相对紧密，井样品的散点区域与红河物源的散点重合度最高，其次与越南中部物源的散点较为接近.

基于Rstudio软件使用simmr应用包建立贝叶斯混合模型（Parnell et al.， 2013）计算DF1313、DF1314、DF13110、DF1322、DF1328d、DF1127、DF1112、DF1312和DF1316等9口井黄流组一段各端元组分泥质沉积物的贡献比例，结果如表2所示.

由表1可以看出各样品红河物源含量波动较大，位于34%~59%，平均值为44%；越南中部物源含量变化较大，位于31%~48%，平均值为37%；而海南岛物源的细颗粒供源相对稳定，占比位于15%~26%，平均值为19%.同时可以发现：DF1314、DF1112、DF1312和DF1316等4口井的红河物源含量占主导地位，而DF1313、DF13110、DF1322、DF1328d和DF1127等5口井的越南中部物源占比最大.其中值得注意的是，出来DF1314井样品岩性为泥岩/泥质粉砂岩外，DF1112、DF1312和DF1316等3口井样品的岩性均为泥质细砂岩/细砂岩/粉砂泥岩等，DF1313、DF13110、DF1322、DF1328d和DF1127等5口井样品岩性都为泥岩/泥质粉砂岩.由此可见，沉积物颗粒越细，红河物源占比越少，越南中部物源占比越强.将各物源区占比可视化到平面图上得到图11，可以发现：莺歌海盆地东方区细颗粒沉积物主要物源来自红河地区与越南中部，海南岛供应整体较少.

4 粗粒与细粒沉积物源汇系统差异成因分析

首先，基于前人关于古水系和古地理研究表明，在晚中新世黄流组一段沉积时期，红河、越南中部与海南岛河流的形态与古地理已经达到与现代格局相近（He et al.， 2023），所以本研究中的源汇系统分析结果受水系演化和古地理演化的影响较小.整体上来看，粗粒沉积物的红河物源占比较高，但不同区域物源供给差别较大：在研究区西侧越南中部物源占比可达50%，而在其他位置含量则较低；研究区东侧井位的海南岛物源占比最高可达93%，但在其他位置含量较少.与此相对，细粒沉积物的物源相对稳定，整体上依然为红河物源主导：红河物源的平均占比减少，而越南中部物源的平均占比增高，海南岛物源的平均占比值虽然没有变化，但可以由图11看出来自海南岛物源的细粒沉积物分布较为均匀，因此整体上细粒沉积物的海南岛物源是比粗粒高的.不同位置井位的细粒沉积物各物源占比没有较大差距，各物源占比变化较小.

通过调研晚中新世莺歌海盆地的构造演化与沉积背景，推测是由于晚中新世青藏高原的快速隆升引起了莺歌海盆地粗粒与细粒沉积物的物源差异.王大伟等（2016）推断红河断裂反转过程中最剧烈的构造活动约发生在5.5 Ma，也就是晚中新世时期，由于青藏高原的快速隆升，红河断裂右旋速率减小，走滑反转，同时中南半岛的隆升加速剥蚀，向南海西部输送大量陆源碎屑形成红河海底扇（赵睿，2020）.本文推测在这一过程中，在晚中新世黄流组一段低位体系域时期，由于红河水系活动剧烈，导致对莺歌海盆地东方区形成冲刷，带走大量越南中部以及海南岛物源沉积，并在琼东南盆地形成大型海底滑坡（图12a）.因此莺歌海盆地东方区有较高比例红河物源，且由于水动力条件较强，被带走的粗粒沉积物多于细粒.在黄流组一段高位体系域时期，莺歌海盆地物源以红河提供大量细粒沉积物为主，越南中部与海南岛细粒沉积物流失较少，从而占据了细粒沉积物较大来源（图12b）.此外，粗粒沉积物的源汇分析主要是基于沉积物中的重矿物和碎屑锆石，但是这些重矿物在总沉积物中占的比例很小，而基于细粒沉积物源汇分析主要是基于泥质沉积物的Sr⁃Nd同位素分析，泥质沉积物在总沉积物通量中占的比例较高（Liang et al.， 2025）.以上论述都解释了为什么同一区域不同粒径沉积物的物源占比会有如此差异，不过由于样品分布与数量限制，未能划分更详细的区域结合构造演化分别探讨沉积过程与差异成因，采样研究与测试分析这方面需要更深入的工作.

5 结论

（1）莺歌海盆地东方区晚中新世整体上粗粒物源贡献度最高的为红河物源，平均供源占比可达65%（越南中部物源平均供源占比为16%；海南岛物源平均供源占比为19%）；不同区域的物源供源占比有所差异，局部变化大：靠近海南岛的东部区域有更高相对含量的海南岛物源，研究区西部的区域则含有更多的越南中部物源.

（2）莺歌海盆地东方区晚中新世细粒沉积物物源以红河与越南中部物源为主（红河物源平均供源占比为44%；越南中部物源平均供源占比为37%；海南岛物源平均供源占比为19%）相对粗粒物源，红河供源占比相大幅降低，越南中部物源占比升高，海南岛物源平均占比不变但整体上含量升高.同时也发现样品岩性与物源占比结果之间也存在关联，沉积物颗粒越细，红河物源占比越少，越南中部物源占比越强.

（3）莺歌海盆地东方区黄流组一段粗粒与细粒沉积物源汇系统差异推断是受到晚中新世青藏高原的快速隆升的影响，中南半岛的加速隆升导致红河断裂剧烈反转，红河水系水动力增强，对东方区形成剧烈冲刷带走较多粗粒沉积物，因此来自红河物源的粗粒沉积物含量比细粒高，来自越南中部和海南岛物源的粗粒沉积物含量比细粒低，同时还受沉积物中的重矿物和泥质含量差异的影响.

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(U25B6026)

国家自然科学基金项目(42276073)

国家自然科学基金项目(42202119)

海南省院士创新平台科研项目(YSPTZX202302)

海南省重点研发项目专项研究基金(ZDYF2024GXJS293)

莺—琼盆地压溶气开发关键技术研究项目(KJRC2025A01)