高寒山区河道径流水分来源时空变化特征
Spatiotemporal Variations in Runoff Sources in Alpine Basins
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高寒山区是中下游地区的重要水源地,其径流过程受冻土等下垫面条件影响极为复杂. 相较于大尺度流域,小尺度流域更有助于揭示下垫面对水文过程的主导作用;然而,受高寒恶劣环境制约,观测资料稀缺,相关研究仍显不足. 为深入揭示小流域尺度下河道径流水分来源的时空分异规律,以黑河上游葫芦沟流域为例,结合水稳定同位素与水文气象观测,应用MixSIAR模型定量解析了多年冻岩区、多年冻土区和季节冻土区的河道径流组成.结果表明:3月季节冻土区径流以基流为主(98%),其余区域断流;5月,多年冻岩区与多年冻土区径流恢复,均以冰雪融水和积雪融水为主要水分来源,而季节冻土区仍以基流为主(62%);7月至9月,冰雪融水成为多年冻岩区和多年冻土区主要水分来源,季节冻土区基流仍为主要水分来源(63%以上).研究表明,气象要素是径流变化的主要驱动因素,而下垫面条件(如冻土分布与含水层特征)对水分来源组成具有关键调控作用. 研究成果深化了对高寒山区小流域水文过程机理的认识,可为寒区水资源管理提供理论依据.
The alpine region serves as an important water source for downstream areas, and its runoff processes are highly complex due to the influence of underlying surface conditions such as permafrost. Compared to large-scale watersheds, small watersheds are more suitable for elucidating the dominant role of the underlying surface in hydrological processes, However, related research remains limited due to data scarcity caused by harsh environmental conditions in high-altitude areas. To further elucidate the spatiotemporal variations in river runoff sources at the small-watershed scale, this study takes the Hulu watershed in the upper reaches of the Heihe River as an example. By integrating water-stable isotopes with hydrometeorological observations, the MixSIAR model was applied to quantitatively determine the runoff components in the periglacial bedrock area, permafrost area, and seasonally frozen-ground area. The results show that in March, runoff in the seasonally frozen-ground area was dominated by baseflow (98%), while other regions experienced flow cessation. In May, glacier-snow meltwater and snowmelt were the main sources in both the periglacial bedrock area and permafrost area, although baseflow remained dominant in the seasonally frozen-ground (62%). From July to September, glacier-snow meltwater became the primary source in the periglacial bedrock and permafrost areas, whereas baseflow continued to dominate in the seasonally frozen-ground area (more than 63%). The findings indicate that meteorological factors are the primary drivers of runoff variation, while underlying surface conditions—such as permafrost distribution and aquifer characteristics—play a critical regulatory role in water-source composition. This study enhances the understanding of hydrological processes in small alpine regions and provides theoretical support for water resource management in cold environments.
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国家自然科学基金项目(42102301)
四川省科技教育联合基金面上项目(2025NSFSC2048)
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