柴达木盆地北缘中段中‒新生代断裂特征与构造演化
张宇轩 , 吴晨 , 李小刚 , 吴仕虎 , 刘文有 , 王光明 , 李杰 , 陈宣华 , 丁林
地球科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (7) : 2626 -2645.
柴达木盆地北缘中段中‒新生代断裂特征与构造演化
Structural Characteristics and Tectonic Evolution of Mesozoic⁃Cenozoic Faults in Central Northern Margin of Qaidam Basin
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柴达木盆地北缘(柴北缘)记录了青藏高原东北缘中‒新生代构造演化的关键信息,但其中生代盆地性质及古近纪构造背景仍存在争议.针对柴北缘中生代盆地性质(拉张/挤压)及古近纪构造背景的争议,在柴北缘中段,开展二维与三维地震资料的精细解释,获得以下结果:(1)基于野外地质调查、地震解释和前人热年代学数据的研究,将本区划分出3个主要构造层,分别为中生代构造层(包括侏罗系(J)+白垩系(K)),古近纪构造层(包括路乐河组(E1+2)-下干柴沟组上段(E32))和新近纪至第四纪构造层(包括上干柴沟组(N1)-第四系(Q));(2)不同的构造层中断裂的主要构造组合样式不同,中生代构造层中主要发育平面式或铲式小型正断层组合样式,古近纪构造层中发育北西向的逆冲叠瓦构造,新近纪至第四纪构造层中发育一系列北西向的逆冲断层形成的逆冲叠瓦构造和近东西向的呈Y字型组合样式的逆冲走滑断裂;(3)根据各时期构造层下的断裂特征,可以将柴北缘中生代以来构造演化主要分为3个阶段,即中生代断陷阶段(晚三叠世‒白垩纪)、古近纪弱挤压阶段(27~ 18 Ma)和新近纪‒第四纪强烈压剪阶段(5.1~2.8 Ma).厘清了柴北缘中段不同构造层内断裂组合样式及其时序演化特征,为约束柴达木盆地北缘中生代盆地性质及古近纪构造背景争议提供了新的地震学证据.构造层分段及阶段性挤压‒压剪增强特征的识别,有助于深化对柴北缘中段盆‒山构造关系及其演化过程的认识,并可为该区构造解析与相关油气勘探提供参考.
The northern margin of the Qaidam Basin (NQB) preserves key records of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. However, significant controversies remain regarding the nature of the Mesozoic basin (extensional vs. compressional) and the tectonic setting during the Paleogene.To address these issues, this study conducts detailed interpretation of two-dimensional and three-dimensional seismic data in the central segment of the NQB, yielding the following results. Integrating thermochronologic constraints, seismic reflection geometries, and regional analyses of fault activity, the structural succession of the area can be subdivided into three principal tectonic layers: the Mesozoic layer (Jurassic-Cretaceous), the Paleogene layer (Lulehe Formation (E1+2) to the upper part of the Lower Ganchaigou Formation (E32)), and the Neogene-Quaternary layer (Upper Ganchaigou Formation (N1) to Quaternary). Fault assemblages differ markedly among the tectonic layers. The Mesozoic layer is characterized by small-scale planar or listric normal faults; the Paleogene layer exhibits NW-trending imbricate thrust systems; and the Neogene-Quaternary layer is dominated by NW-trending thrust-related imbricate structures together with near-E-W-trending Y-shaped thrust-strike-slip faults. Based on the fault architecture within each tectonic layer, the tectonic evolution along the northern Qaidam Basin margin since the Mesozoic can be categorized into three major stages: a Mesozoic rifting phase (Late Triassic-Cretaceous), a Paleogene weak compressional phase (27-18 Ma), and a Neogene-Quaternary intense transpressional phase (5.1-2.8 Ma).This study clarifies the fault assemblage styles and their temporal evolution within different tectonic layers in the central segment of the northern Qaidam margin, providing new seismic evidence to constrain debates on the Mesozoic basin nature and Paleogene tectonic background of the northern Qaidam Basin. The identification of tectonic layering and stage-dependent intensification of compression and transpression also offers key constraints on basin-mountain coupled deformation mechanisms associated with the northward expansion of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic, and provides a valuable tectonic framework for structural analysis and resource exploration in the northern Qaidam margin.
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国家自然科学基金项目(42422206)
国家自然科学基金项目(42372256)
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