复杂地形条件下山区土石界面插值策略与预测方法研究
曹子君 , 郑立宁 , 赵士博 , 曾雪松 , 王轩毫
地球科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (4) : 1586 -1598.
复杂地形条件下山区土石界面插值策略与预测方法研究
Interpolation Strategy and Prediction Method of Soil-Rock Interface in Mountainous Areas under Complex Topography
,
土石界面预测对山区机场建设具有重要意义.现有方法通常基于钻孔数据直接估计土石界面高程,但在山区地形起伏剧烈、界面高程差异显著的条件下,其结果准确性难以满足工程需求.提出一种基于地形高程与界面深度的插值策略,土石界面高程可表示为已知地形高程减去土石界面深度.该策略只需预测土石界面深度,因此降低了地形起伏对预测结果的影响.系统对比了该策略在多种预测方法中的表现,包括反距离加权、径向基函数核回归、高斯过程回归等核方法以及神经网络方法,如多层感知机和Kolmogorov-Arnold网络.山区机场工程案例表明,所提策略适用于不同预测方法,并显著提升土石界面预测准确性,为复杂地形条件下的机场选址、土石方工程量估算及施工方案优化提供技术支撑.
The prediction of the soil-rock interface is crucial for airport construction in mountainous areas. Conventional methods typically rely on borehole data to directly estimate the elevation of the soil-rock interface. However, when topographic variability is pronounced and interface-elevation contrasts are large, the accuracy of such estimates is often insufficient to satisfy engineering requirements. In this paper it introduces an interpolation strategy that incorporates terrain elevation and interface depth. In this framework, the elevation of the soil-rock interface is expressed as the terrain elevation minus the depth of the interface. By shifting the prediction task to estimating interface depth alone, this approach reduces the influence of topographic variability on prediction accuracy. The performance of the proposed strategy is systematically evaluated using various prediction methods, including kernel methods such as inverse distance weighting, radial basis function kernel regression, and Gaussian process regression, as well as neural network approaches (e.g., multilayer perceptron and Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks). Case studies from airport projects in mountainous regions demonstrate that the strategy can be readily integrated with different prediction methods and substantially improves the accuracy of soil-rock interface predictions. The findings provide technical support for airport site selection, earthwork volume estimation, and construction planning in complex terrains.
| [1] |
Bai, J., Wang, S., Xu, Q., et al., 2024. Intelligent Regional Subsurface Prediction Based on Limited Borehole Data and Interpretability Stacking Technique of Ensemble Learning. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 83(7): 272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-024-03758-y |
| [2] |
Chen, C. F., Zhao, N., Yue, T. X., et al., 2015. A Generalization of Inverse Distance Weighting Method via Kernel Regression and Its Application to Surface Modeling. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 8(9): 6623-6633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-014-1717-z |
| [3] |
Cordonnier, G., Cani, M. P., Benes, B., et al., 2018. Sculpting Mountains: Interactive Terrain Modeling Based on Subsurface Geology. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 24(5): 1756-1769. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2017.2689022 |
| [4] |
Deng, Z. P., Pan, M., Niu, J. T., et al., 2023. Spatial Prediction of Rockhead Profile Using the Gaussian Process Regression Method. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 60(12): 1849-1860. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2022-0372 |
| [5] |
Du, X., Fan, T. E., Dong, J. H., et al., 2020. Characterization of Thin Sand Reservoirs Based on a Multi-Layer Perceptron Deep Neural Network. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 55(6): 1178-1187, 1159 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [6] |
Fu, J. M., Hu, M. S., Fang, F., et al., 2024. Complex Orebody 3D Modeling Using Radial Basis Function Surface Incorporating Stacking Integration Strategy. Earth Science, 49(3): 1165-1176 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [7] |
Huang, D. Z., Zuo, R. G., Wang, J., et al., 2025. Spatially Constrained Variational Autoencoder for Geochemical Data Denoising and Uncertainty Quantification. Journal of Earth Science, 36(5): 2317-2336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-025-0180-y |
| [8] |
Li, X. Y., Zhang, L. M., Li, J. H., 2016. Using Conditioned Random Field to Characterize the Variability of Geologic Profiles. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 142(4): 04015096. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001428 |
| [9] |
Li, Z. L., Wu, C. L., Zhang, X. L., et al., 2015. Uncertainty Assessment for IDW Ore Grade Estimates. Earth Science, 40(11): 1796-1801 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [10] |
Liu, Z. M., Wang, Y. X., Vaidya, S., et al., 2024. KAN: Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks. arXiv: |
| [11] |
Murphy, K. P., 2012. Machine Learning (4th Printing). The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. |
| [12] |
Murphy, K. P., 2022. Probabilistic Machine Learning. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. |
| [13] |
Pan, K., Xie, C. Q., Cheng, R. Y., et al., 2017. Engineering Example of Comprehensive Prospecting of Underground Karst in Mountain Airport Area. Site Investigation Science and Technology, (1): 28-32 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [14] |
Qi, X. H., Pan, X. H., Chiam, K., et al., 2020. Comparative Spatial Predictions of the Locations of Soil-Rock Interface. Engineering Geology, 272: 105651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105651 |
| [15] |
Qi, X. H., Wang, H., Chu, J., et al., 2022. Two-Dimensional Prediction of the Interface of Geological Formations: A Comparative Study. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 121: 104329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.104329 |
| [16] |
Qi, X. H., Wang, H., Pan, X. H., et al., 2021. Prediction of Interfaces of Geological Formations Using the Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline Method. Underground Space, 6(3): 252-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.undsp.2020.02.006 |
| [17] |
Qiu, Z. L., Wu, J. D., Wan, P., et al., 2025. Experimental Study on the Influence of Soil-Rock Ratio on the Dynamic Compaction Reinforcement Effect of High Fill Gravel Soil Subgrade. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering, 21(1): 123-130 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [18] |
Samui, P., Kim, D., Viswanathan, R., 2015. Spatial Variability of Rock Depth Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline (MARS). Environmental Earth Sciences, 73(8): 4265-4272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3711-x |
| [19] |
Somvanshi, S., Javed, S. A., Islam, M. M., et al., 2026. A Survey on Kolmogorov-Arnold Network. ACM Computing Surveys, 58(2): 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3743128 |
| [20] |
Su, Z. Y., Li, D. Q., Wang, S., et al., 2025. Large Deformation Analysis of 3D Soil-Rock Mixture Slopes Using SPH-DEM Method. Earth Science (in Chinese with English abstract) (in Press). |
| [21] |
Wang, J., 2021. An Intuitive Tutorial to Gaussian Processes Regression. arXiv:2009.10862 |
| [22] |
Wang, Q., 2011. A Study on Quantitative Research Method about Soil-Rock Ratio in Red-Beds Airports’ Excavation Area in Sichuan (Dissertation). Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [23] |
Xie, C. Q., Li, Z. Z., Pan, K., 2015. Study on Method Determining Soil-Rock Ratio in Large-Area Excavation Works in Southwest Karst Mountains. Subgrade Engineering, (2): 1-5, 12 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [24] |
Xie, C. Q., Rong, S. J., Wang, W., 2013. Study on Soil-Rock Ratio of the Projects in Red Bed Area. Subgrade Engineering, (6): 83-88 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [25] |
Zhang, H., Gui, L., Wang, T. F., et al., 2024. Prediction of Quaternary Cover Thickness and 3D Geological Modeling Based on BP Neural Network. Earth Science, 49(2): 550-559 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [26] |
Zhang, L. M., Dasaka, S. M., 2010. Uncertainties in Geologic Profiles versus Variability in Pile Founding Depth. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136(11): 1475-1488. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000364 |
| [27] |
Zhang, S. S., Li, Q. C., Li, H., et al., 2025. Intelligent Glacial Lake Identification in Complex Plateau Terrain Regions Using Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data and Mask R-CNN Deep Learning Model. Earth Science, 50(8): 3132-3143 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
国家自然科学基金项目(52278368)
四川省自然科学基金项目(24NSFSC2017)
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |