冻融循环对氯苯自发入渗后再运移行为的影响
Effects of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Transport Behavior of Chlorobenzene Following Spontaneous Infiltration
,
,
探明包气带重非水相液体(dense non-aqueous phase liquids,DNAPLs)自发入渗稳定后受冻融循环作用的再运移规律及机制对季节性冻融区污染场地修复至关重要.选取氯苯作为典型DNAPL,以西藏色季拉山口的粉质黏土为多孔介质,利用分层核磁共振技术定量测试不同入渗时间及冻融循环次数后在土柱垂向空间位置的氯苯含量.研究表明:随着入渗时间的增加,无量纲入渗深度0~0.375范围内氯苯浓度呈下降趋势,0.375~0.750范围内氯苯浓度呈上升趋势.冻结产生的冻结诱导压力驱动入渗稳定后的氯苯向下再运移,但驱动能力有限,不同冻融循环后氯苯浓度变化率最小的为3.51%,最大的不超过24%.自发入渗和冻融循环过程中,毛细力、重力和冻结诱导压力的相互作用控制着氯苯在不同垂向深度的运移和分布.
Elucidating the re-transport patterns and mechanisms of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) in the vadose zone after spontaneous infiltration and stabilization under freeze-thaw cycles is crucial for the remediation of contaminated sites in seasonal freeze-thaw zones. Chlorobenzene (CB) was selected as a typical DNAPL, and silty clay from the Sejila Pass in Xizang was used as the porous medium. A stratified nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology was used to quantitatively test the CB content at the vertical spatial location of the soil column after different infiltration times and freeze-thaw cycles. Studies have shown that as infiltration time increases, the concentration of CB decreases in the dimensionless infiltration depth range of 0-0.375, and increases in the dimensionless infiltration depth range of 0.375-0.750. The freeze-induced pressure generated by freezing drives the downward transport of CB after it has stabilized, but the driving ability is limited. The smallest change rate of CB concentration after different freeze-thaw cycles is 3.51%, and the largest does not exceed 24%. During spontaneous infiltration and freeze-thaw cycles, the interaction of capillary force, gravity, and freeze-induced pressure controls the transport and distribution of CB at different vertical depths.
| [1] |
Camenzuli, D., Freidman, B. L., 2015. On⁃Site and In Situ Remediation Technologies Applicable to Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Sites in the Antarctic and Arctic. Polar Research, 34(1): 24492. https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v34.24492 |
| [2] |
Chen, Y. Q., Dou, Z., Zhang, B. T., et al., 2024. Quantitative Response of the Spatial Distribution of Diesel Oil to Freezing and Thawing Temperatures in Groundwater. Water Research, 261: 121997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.121997 |
| [3] |
Cochennec, M., Davarzani, H., Davit, Y., et al., 2022. Impact of Gravity and Inertia on Stable Displacements of DNAPL in Highly Permeable Porous Media. Advances in Water Resources, 162: 104139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2022.104139 |
| [4] |
Chen, Y. J., Yang, J., Li, Q. Q., 2025. Occurrence Characteristics of NAPL Phase and Its Ecological Risk Assessment Based on Multi⁃Phase Extraction. China Environmental Science, 45(6): 3331-3342 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [5] |
Dillinger, A., Esteban, L., 2014. Experimental Evaluation of Reservoir Quality in Mesozoic Formations of the Perth Basin (Western Australia) by Using a Laboratory Low Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 57: 455-469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.06.010 |
| [6] |
Essaid, H. I., Bekins, B. A., Cozzarelli, I. M., 2015. Organic Contaminant Transport and Fate in the Subsurface: Evolution of Knowledge and Understanding. Water Resources Research, 51(7): 4861-4902. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017121 |
| [7] |
Fu, X. Q., Kokkinaki, A., Shi, X. Q., et al., 2023. An Ice⁃ Air⁃Water⁃NAPL Multiphase Model for Simulating NAPL Migration in Subsurface System under Freeze⁃Thaw Condition. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 257: 104214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2023.104214 |
| [8] |
Hu, Y. Q., Zhao, C. N., Zhao, J. Z., et al., 2020. Mechanisms of Fracturing Fluid Spontaneous Imbibition Behavior in Shale Reservoir: A Review. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 82: 103498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2020.103498 |
| [9] |
Hsieh, L., Rong, H. F., He, L., et al., 2024. Impact of Freeze⁃Thaw Cycles on the Remobilization Behaviors of Microplastics in Natural Soils. Environmental Pollution, 363: 125143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125143 |
| [10] |
Leuther, F., Schlüter, S., 2021. Impact of Freeze⁃Thaw Cycles on Soil Structure and Soil Hydraulic Properties. Soil, 7(1): 179-191. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil⁃7⁃179⁃2021 |
| [11] |
Liu, J. P., Yang, P., Yang, Z. J., 2021. Water and Salt Migration Mechanisms of Saturated Chloride Clay during Freeze⁃Thaw in an Open System. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 186: 103277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2021.103277 |
| [12] |
Luciano, A., Viotti, P., Papini, M. P., 2010. Laboratory Investigation of DNAPL Migration in Porous Media. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 176(1-3): 1006-1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.141 |
| [13] |
Ma, A. L., Liu, H., Mao, S. J., et al., 2022. Distribution Characteristics of Dissolved Manganese in the Lateral Hyporheic Zone between River and Groundwater in the Lower Reaches of the Han River. Earth Science, 47(2): 729-741 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [14] |
Mao, D. Q., Lu, L., Revil, A., et al., 2016. Geophysical Monitoring of Hydrocarbon⁃Contaminated Soils Remediated with a Bioelectrochemical System. Environmental Science Technology, 50(15): 8205-8213. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00535 |
| [15] |
Meng, L., Zuo, R., Wang J. S., et al., 2017. Quantitative Source Apportionment of Groundwater Pollution Based on PCA⁃APCS⁃MLR. China Environmental Science, 37(10): 3773-3786 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [16] |
Molnar, I. L., Gerhard, J. I., Willson, C. S., et al., 2020. Wettability Effects on Primary Drainage Mechanisms and NAPL Distribution: A Pore⁃Scale Study. Water Resources Research, 56: e2019WR025381. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025381 |
| [17] |
Omirbekov, S., Colombano, S., Alamooti, A., et al., 2023. Experimental Study of DNAPL Displacement by a New Densified Polymer Solution and Upscaling Problems of Aqueous Polymer Flow in Porous Media. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 252: 104120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.104120 |
| [18] |
Page, J. W. E., Soga, K., Illangasekare, T., 2007. The Significance of Heterogeneity on Mass Flux from DNAPL Source Zones: An Experimental Investigation. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 94(3-4): 215-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2007.06.004 |
| [19] |
Qi, S. Q., Luo, J., O’Connor, D., et al., 2020. Influence of Groundwater Table Fluctuation on the Non⁃Equilibrium Transport of Volatile Organic Contaminants in the Vadose Zone. Journal of Hydrology, 580: 124353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124353 |
| [20] |
Qin, L., Wang, H., Li, S. G., et al., 2025. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Changes in Unfrozen Water and Pore Characteristics in Frozen Coal. Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), 65(3): 601-613 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [21] |
Qin, Z. J., Zhu, M. Y., Liao, G. Z., et al., 2024. Oil Viscosity Evaluation Method of the Shale Oil Formations with NMR Logging. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 67(5): 2057-2067 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [22] |
Rao, B. Q., Su, X. Y., Qiu, S. X., et al., 2019. Meso⁃Mechanism of Mechanical Dewatering of Municipal Sludge Based on Low⁃Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Water Research, 162: 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.067 |
| [23] |
Ren, M. Z., Wang, J., Wang, Z. Y., et al., 2022. Activated Carbon Adsorption Coupled with Ozonation Regeneration for Efficient Removal of Chlorobenzene. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(2): 107319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.107319 |
| [24] |
Schroth, M. H., Istok, J. D., Selker, J. S., 1998. Three⁃Phase Immiscible Fluid Movement in the Vicinity of Textural Interfaces. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 32(1-2): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169⁃7722(97)00069⁃7 |
| [25] |
Shi, J. X., Chen, X. H., Ye, B., et al., 2023. A Comparative Study of DNAPL Migration and Transformation in Confined and Unconfined Groundwater Systems. Water Research, 245: 120649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120649 |
| [26] |
Shi, X. Q., Jiang, B. L., Wu, J. C., et al., 2012. Numerical Analysis of the Effect of Leakage Rate on Dense Non⁃Aqueous Phase Liquid Transport in Heterogonous Porous Media. Advances in Water Science, 23(3): 376-382 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [27] |
Silva, J. A. K., Martin, W. A., Johnson, J. L., et al., 2019. Evaluating Air⁃Water and NAPL⁃Water Interfacial Adsorption and Retention of Perfluorocarboxylic Acids within the Vadose Zone. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 223: 103472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2019.03.004 |
| [28] |
Singh, K., Niven, R. K., Senden, T. J., et al., 2011. Remobilization of Residual Non⁃Aqueous Phase Liquid in Porous Media by Freeze⁃Thaw Cycles. Environmental Science Technology, 45(8): 3473-3478. https://doi.org/10.1021/es200151g |
| [29] |
Tan, H. Y., Wen, Z., Zhu, Q., et al., 2022. Experimental and Simulation Study on Reaction Migration of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Based on Electrochemical⁃Hydrodynamic Circulation System in Sand Tank. Earth Science, 47(11): 4184-4195 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [30] |
Tian, H. H., Wei, C. F., 2020. Characterization and Quantification of Pore Water in Clays during Drying Process with Low⁃Field NMR. Water Resources Research, 56(10): e2020WR027537. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR027537 |
| [31] |
Wang, C., Su, X. S., Lyu, H., et al., 2021. Remobilization of LNAPL in Unsaturated Porous Media Subject to Freeze⁃Thaw Cycles Using Modified Light Transmission Visualization Technique. Journal of Hydrology, 603: 127090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127090 |
| [32] |
Wang, H. T., Xu, H. X., Guo, Q. Z., et al., 2019. Dense Non⁃Aqueous Phase Liquid Source Zone Architecture and Dissolution in Saturated Porous Media. China Environmental Science, 39(8):3474-3483 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [33] |
Weng, L., Wu, Z. J., Liu, Q. S., et al., 2021. Evolutions of the Unfrozen Water Content of Saturated Sandstones during Freezing Process and the Freeze⁃Induced Damage Characteristics. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 142: 104757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104757 |
| [34] |
Winter, J., Ippisch, O., Vogel, H. J., 2015. Dynamic Processes in Capillary Fringes. Vadose Zone Journal, 14(5): vzj2015⁃04. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2015.04.0059 |
| [35] |
Xu, W. S., Li, K. S., Chen, L. X., et al., 2021. The Impacts of Freeze⁃Thaw Cycles on Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity and Microstructure of Saline⁃Alkali Soils. Scientific Reports, 11: 18655. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598⁃021⁃98208⁃0 |
| [36] |
Xie, W. Y., Li, M., Jiang, D. D., et al., 2025. Impact of Aquifer Heterogeneity on the Migration and Natural Attenuation of Multicomponent Heavy Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) in a Retired Chemically Polluted Site. Processes, 13(8): 2338. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082338 |
| [37] |
Yang, G., Xu, R., Tian, Y. S., et al., 2024. Data⁃Driven Methods for Flow and Transport in Porous Media: A Review. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 235: 126149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2024.126149 |
| [38] |
Yao, W., Gu, X. X., Wang, A., et al., 2024. Dynamic Characteristics and Mechanism of Representative Elementary Volume of LNAPL Saturation under Freeze⁃Thaw Cycles. Journal of Hydrology, 639: 131602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131602 |
| [39] |
Yao, W., Lyu, H., Su, X. S., et al., 2026. Breakthrough Mechanism of LNAPL in Shallow Layered Heterogeneous Aqueous Media during Freeze–Thaw Process. Journal of Hydrology, 664: 134629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134629 |
国家自然科学基金青年项目(42402254)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42272278)
江苏省自然科学基金项目(BK20240190)
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |