中国中西部三大克拉通内部走滑断裂分层规律与油气地质作用
刘永涛 , 刘新社 , 裴文瑞 , 李鹏飞 , 陈平 , 张建伍 , 韩伟 , 冯许魁 , 周义军 , 沈亚 , 刘勇 , 王贵重 , 王志勇 , 李幸运 , 刘池洋 , 黄雷 , 张涛 , 张洁
地球科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (7) : 2646 -2662.
中国中西部三大克拉通内部走滑断裂分层规律与油气地质作用
Stratification Patterns and Petroleum Geological Significance of Intra-Cratonic Strike⁃Slip Faults in Major Basins of Central⁃Western China
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克拉通内部走滑断裂普遍发育已被勘探证实,且围绕走滑断裂带勘探相继发现了顺北、富满油田.近年来,随着三维地震的规模实施和深入应用,走滑断裂沿纵向分层这一鲜明特色也被逐渐证实,这对于深化克拉通盆地基础地质理论、开拓油气勘探四新领域意义重大.以我国中西部塔里木、四川和鄂尔多斯盆地为研究对象,针对走滑断裂纵向分层的科学问题,通过广泛调研、横向对比、综合论证的方法,系统总结走滑断裂纵向分层的发育规律、成因机制及油气地质作用,取得了5个方面的重要进展.(1)走滑断裂分层特征仅限于克拉通叠合盆地内部的局部地区,并不具有区域性的特点,在塔里木盆地塔北‒塔中地区、四川盆地川中地区和鄂尔多斯盆地的西南部表现明显.(2)走滑断裂分层在三大克拉通叠合盆地内部具有四大表现形式,即①大型的区域性整合面是走滑断裂纵向分层的主要分界面;②在不同构造层之间走滑断裂具有同一走向叠置和不同走向叠置两种方式;③在同一构造层内部走滑断裂纵向上并不一定完全贯穿,其间可发育一定厚度的间隔层;④走滑断裂分层特征并不完全受控于基底断裂.(3)将走滑断裂分层特征划分为不同构造层之间的分层和同一构造层内部的分层两种类型.在塔北‒塔中地区、川中地区和鄂尔多斯盆地西南部,前种类型走滑断裂的分层分别具有“双层”、“三层”和“四层”结构,后种类型的走滑断裂并不完全贯穿某一构造层,而是分别表现为上奥陶统、下寒武统、石炭‒二叠系及下三叠统内断裂不发育,构成走滑断裂在纵向上的重要间隔层.(4)走滑断裂分层受稳定基底、厚盖层、挤压应力三大条件共同控制,不同构造层之间的断裂分层主要受控于不同期次的区域应力场,同一构造层内部的断裂分层主要受控于同一期次构造应力的向下衰减和深部构造环境的变化.(5)走滑断裂分层规律不仅证实了克拉通叠合盆地内部确实存在区域上的纵向构造解耦,而且有助于理解克拉通内油气纵向分层、上下独立成藏的深层根源.目前,在鄂尔多斯盆地内部证实走滑断裂向下收敛的分层位置钻井液往往漏失最为严重,这可为钻井方案设定及过程工程预警提供重要的理论支撑.
The widespread development of intra-cratonic strike-slip faults has been confirmed by exploration activities, with successive major discoveries such as the Shunbei and Fuman oilfields along these fault zones. In recent years, the extensive acquisition and in-depth application of 3D seismic data have further substantiated the distinct characteristic of vertical stratification along strike-slip faults. This recognition holds significant implications for advancing fundamental geological theories of cratonic basins and for pioneering novel domains in hydrocarbon exploration.This study focuses on the Tarim, Sichuan, and Ordos basins in central-western China. Addressing the scientific question regarding the vertical stratification of strike-slip faults, it systematically synthesizes developmental patterns, genetic mechanisms, and petroleum geological significance through comprehensive investigation, comparative analysis, and integrated interpretation. The research yields five key findings.(1) Strike-slip fault stratification is a localized phenomenon within cratonic superimposed basins, rather than a regionally extensive characteristic. It is prominently developed in the Tabei-Tazhong area of the Tarim Basin, the central Sichuan Basin, and the southwestern Ordos Basin. (2) Within these three major cratonic superimposed basins, strike-slip fault stratification exhibits four principal manifestations. ① Major regional unconformities serve as the primary detachment interfaces for vertical fault segmentation; ② Vertical stacking between different structural layers occurs in both strike-parallel and strike-divergent configurations; ③ Within individual structural layers, strike-slip faults may not be fully penetrative vertically, often separated by interval zones of appreciable thickness; ④Stratification characteristics are not exclusively controlled by basement fault reactivation.(3) Strike-slip fault stratification is classified into two genetic types: inter-layer stratification (between structural layers) and intra-layer stratification (within a single structural layer). In the Tabei-Tazhong area, central Sichuan, and southwestern Ordos Basin, the inter-layer type exhibits “two-layer”,“three-layer”, and “four-layer” architectures, respectively. The intra-layer type is characterized by faults terminating within specific strata, with significant interval zones-such as within the Upper Ordovician, Lower Cambrian, Carboniferous-Permian, and Lower Triassic formations, respectively-where faulting is absent, constituting crucial vertical separations.(4) Strike-slip fault stratification is governed by three essential conditions: a stable crystalline basement, a thick sedimentary cover, and compressional stress. Inter-layer stratification is primarily controlled by polyphase regional stress fields, whereas intra-layer stratification is mainly influenced by the downward attenuation of contemporaneous tectonic stress and variations in deep structural settings.(5) The stratification patterns of strike-slip faults not only corroborate the existence of regional vertical tectonic decoupling within cratonic superimposed basins but also provide a framework for understanding the deep-seated mechanisms governing vertically stratified and independently accumulated hydrocarbon reservoirs in cratonic interiors. Currently, studies in the Ordos Basin demonstrate that the downward convergence zones of stratified strike-slip faults are frequently associated with the most severe drilling fluid losses. This understanding offers important theoretical support for drilling program design and early warning during engineering operations.
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国家重大科技专项(2025ZD1400201)
中国石油东方地球物理公司油气勘探新领域综合研究项目、中国石油天然气股份有限公司长庆油田公司科技项目(2025⁃N/G⁃1197)
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