不同成因地热水中锑的赋存形态、主控因素及其指示意义
Occurrence Forms of Antimony in Geothermal Waters of Different Genesis and Its Controlling Factors and Indicative Significance
为理解不同类型地热水中总锑及锑形态的分布特征、主控因素及其指示意义,选择云南腾冲热海、龙陵邦腊掌和广东诸地热区,系统对比了存在壳内岩浆囊且接受岩浆流体输入、存在壳内岩浆囊但未接受岩浆流体输入、不存在壳内岩浆囊3类地热系统中地热水的总锑和各锑形态含量并分析了其主控因素.结果表明:总锑含量与地热水成因密切相关;而硫化物的富集及偏高的pH是硫代锑酸盐形成的关键条件.总体来看,地热水中锑形态分布受控于其地球化学环境,对地热系统成因有一定指示意义:未形成硫代锑酸盐的地热水几乎不可能接受岩浆流体直接输入,但无论有无岩浆流体输入,地热水中均可能因富集硫化物而形成硫代锑酸盐.
To understand the distribution characteristics, controlling factors and significance of total antimony and antimony species in different types of geothermal water, geothermal areas in Tengchong Rehai and Longling Banglazhang in Yunnan, as well as various geothermal areas in Guangdong, were selected. this study systematically compared the concentration of total antimony and antimony species, along with their controlling factors, across three distinct geothermal system scenarios: those with intra-crustal magma chamber receiving magmatic fluid input; those with intra-crustal magma chamber but without magmatic fluid input; and those without intra-crustal magma chamber. The results indicate that total antimony content is related to the genesis of geothermal water; meanwhile, enrichment of sulfide coupled with elevated pH constitutes a critical prerequisite for formation of thioantimonate. Overall, the distribution of antimony species in geothermal water is controlled by the geochemical environment of the geothermal system and provides some indication of the genesis of geothermal systems: for geothermal waters lacking thioantimonate, direct magmatic fluid input can be ruled out, however, both magmatically influenced and unaffected geothermal waters may yield thioantimonate in sulfide-rich environment.
| [1] |
Aksoy, N., Şimşek, C., Gunduz, O., 2009. Groundwater Contamination Mechanism in a Geothermal Field:A Case Study of Balcova, Turkey. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 103(1-2): 13-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.08.006 |
| [2] |
Bai, D. H., Liao, Z. J., Zhao, G. Z., et al., 1994. Inferring the Magma Heat Source of Tengchong Rehai Geothermal Field from MT Detection Results. Chinese Science Bulletin, 39(4): 344-347 (in Chinese). |
| [3] |
Cavallo, D., Iavicoli, I., Setini, A., et al., 2002. Genotoxic Risk and Oxidative DNA Damage in Workers Exposed to Antimony Trioxide. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 40(3): 184-189. https://doi.org/10.1002/em.10102 |
| [4] |
Chen, L. Z., Ma, T., Du, Y., et al., 2016. Hydrochemical and Isotopic (2H, 18O and 37Cl) Constraints on Evolution of Geothermal Water in Coastal Plain of Southwestern Guangdong Province, China. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 318: 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.03.003 |
| [5] |
Feng, R. W., Wei, C. Y., Tu, S. X., et al., 2013. The Uptake and Detoxification of Antimony by Plants: A Review. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 96: 28-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2013.08.006 |
| [6] |
Filella, M., Belzile, N., Chen, Y. W., 2002. Antimony in the Environment: A Review Focused on Natural Waters I. Occurrence. Earth⁃Science Reviews, 57(1-2): 125-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012⁃8252(01)00070⁃8 |
| [7] |
Giggenbach, W. F., 1988. Geothermal Solute Equilibria. Derivation of Na⁃K⁃Mg⁃Ca Geoindicators. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52(12): 2749-2765. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016⁃7037(88)90143⁃3 |
| [8] |
Guo, Q. H., 2020. Magma⁃Heated Geothermal Systems and Hydrogeochemical Evidence of Their Occurrence. Acta Geologica Sinica, 94(12): 3544-3554 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [9] |
Guo, Q. H., Liu, M. L., Li, J. X., et al., 2014. Acid Hot Springs Discharged from the Rehai Hydrothermal System of the Tengchong Volcanic Area (China): Formed via Magmatic Fluid Absorption or Geothermal Steam Heating? Bulletin of Volcanology, 76(10): 868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445⁃014⁃0868⁃9 |
| [10] |
Guo, Q. H., Liu, M. L., Li, J. X., 2017. Thioarsenic Species in the High⁃Temperature Hot Springs from the Rehai Geothermal Field(Tengchong) and Their Geochemical Geneses. Earth Science, 42(2): 286-297 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [11] |
Guo, Q. H., Liu, M. L., Li, J. X., et al., 2017. Fluid Geochemical Constraints on the Heat Source and Reservoir Temperature of the Banglazhang Hydrothermal System, Yunnan⁃Tibet Geothermal Province, China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 172: 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.10.012 |
| [12] |
Guo, Q. H., Planer⁃Friedrich, B., Luo, L., et al., 2020. Speciation of Antimony in Representative Sulfidic Hot Springs in the YST Geothermal Province (China) and Its Immobilization by Spring Sediments. Environmental Pollution, 266: 115221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115221 |
| [13] |
Guo, Q. H., Qian, J. B., Li, Y., et al., 2025. The Antimonite⁃Thioantimonates⁃Antimonate Pathway: Insights from Sulfidic Hot Springs and Microbial Culture Experiments for a Novel Mechanism of Abiotic Antimonite Oxidation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 406: 164-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2025.01.007 |
| [14] |
Guo, Q. H., Wang, Y. X., 2012. Geochemistry of Hot Springs in the Tengchong Hydrothermal Areas, Southwestern China. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 215: 61-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.12.003 |
| [15] |
Herath, I., Vithanage, M., Bundschuh, J., 2017. Antimony as a Global Dilemma: Geochemistry, Mobility, Fate and Transport. Environmental Pollution, 223: 545-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.057 |
| [16] |
Johnston, S. G., Bennett, W. W., Doriean, N., et al., 2020. Antimony and Arsenic Speciation, Redox⁃Cycling and Contrasting Mobility in a Mining⁃Impacted River System. Science of the Total Environment, 710: 136354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136354 |
| [17] |
Li, X., Guo, Q. H., Zhao, Q., 2024. Dissolution of Stibnite and Morphological Distribution of Antimony in Its Products under Different Aqueous Conditions. Earth Science, 49(11): 4022-4034 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [18] |
Liu, L., Wang, G. L., Li, Y. L., et al., 2024. Hydrogeochemistry of Geothermal Water in Huangshadong and Adjacent Areas of Guangdong Province: Implications for Water⁃Rock Interaction. Geothermics, 122: 103084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103084 |
| [19] |
Okkenhaug, G., Grasshorn Gebhardt, K. A., Amstaetter, K., et al., 2016. Antimony (Sb) and Lead (Pb) in Contaminated Shooting Range Soils: Sb and Pb Mobility and Immobilization by Iron Based Sorbents, a Field Study. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 307: 336-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.005 |
| [20] |
Pierart, A., Shahid, M., Séjalon⁃Delmas, N., et al., 2015. Antimony Bioavailability: Knowledge and Research Perspectives for Sustainable Agricultures. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 289: 219-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.011 |
| [21] |
Planer⁃Friedrich, B., Scheinost, A. C., 2011. Formation and Structural Characterization of Thioantimony Species and Their Natural Occurrence in Geothermal Waters. Environmental Science Technology, 45(16): 6855-6863. https://doi.org/10.1021/es201003k |
| [22] |
Planer⁃Friedrich, B., Wilson, N., 2012. The Stability of Tetrathioantimonate in the Presence of Oxygen, Light, High Temperature and Arsenic. Chemical Geology, 322: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.06.010 |
| [23] |
Qin, S. L., Zeng, Z. J., Zhou, X. C., et al., 2025. Study on the Hot Spring Hydrogeochmistry and Their Anomalous Characteristics of Short⁃Term and Impending Earthquake Precursors at Yingjiang. Earthquake, 45(2): 193-210 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [24] |
Reimann, C., Matschullat, J., Birke, M., et al., 2010. Antimony in the Environment: Lessons from Geochemical Mapping. Applied Geochemistry, 25(2): 175-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.11.011 |
| [25] |
Shangguan, Z. G., Bai, C. H., Sun, M. L., 2000. Mantle⁃Derived Magmatic Gas Releasing Features at the Rehai Area, Tengchong County, Yunnan Province, China. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 43(2): 132-140. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02878142 |
| [26] |
Smichowski, P., 2008. Antimony in the Environment as a Global Pollutant: A Review on Analytical Methodologies for Its Determination in Atmospheric Aerosols. Talanta, 75(1): 2-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2007.11.005 |
| [27] |
Song, H. Y., Guo, Q. H., 2023. The Morphological Distribution and Geochemical Genesis of Antimony in Typical High⁃Temperature Hot Springs. Earth Science, 48(3): 946-957 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [28] |
Ullrich, M. K., Pope, J. G., Seward, T. M., et al., 2013. Sulfur Redox Chemistry Governs Diurnal Antimony and Arsenic Cycles at Champagne Pool, Waiotapu, New Zealand. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 262: 164-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.07.007 |
| [29] |
Wehmeier, S., Feldmann, J., 2005. Investigation into Antimony Mobility in Sewage Sludge Fermentation. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 7(12): 1194. https://doi.org/10.1039/b509538g |
| [30] |
Willis, S. S., Haque, S. E., Johannesson, K. H., 2011. Arsenic and Antimony in Groundwater Flow Systems: A Comparative Study. Aquatic Geochemistry, 17(6): 775-807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498⁃011⁃9131⁃6 |
| [31] |
Wilson, N., Webster⁃Brown, J., 2009. The Fate of Antimony in a Major Lowland River System, the Waikato River, New Zealand. Applied Geochemistry, 24(12): 2283-2292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.09.016 |
| [32] |
Wu, G. P., 2023. Characteristics and Genesis of Uplift Geothermal System in Guangdong Province. Yunnan Geology, 42(4): 442–450 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [33] |
Wu, Y. T., Ye, H. E., Guo, Z., 2019. A Brief Analysis of the Distribution Characteristics and Genesis of Geothermal Resources in Guangdong Province. Earth, (4):99-101 (in Chinese). |
| [34] |
Yan, K. T., Guo, Q. H., Luo, L., 2022. Methylation and Thiolation of Arsenic in Tengchong Hot Springs. Earth Science, 47(2): 622–632 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [35] |
Yin, Z. P., Ye, L., Jing, C. Y., 2022. Thiolated Methylantimonials: A New Organoantimony Group Identified in Mouse and Human Urines. Environmental Science Technology Letters, 9(9): 792-797. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00308 |
| [36] |
Yuan, J. F., 2013. Hydrogeochemistry of the Geothermal Systems in Coastal Areas of Guangdong Province, South China(Dissertation). China University of Geosciences, Wuhan (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [37] |
Zhao, C. P., Ran, H., Chen, K. H., 2006. Present⁃Day Magma Chambers in Tengchong Volcano Area Inferred from Relative Geothermal Gradient. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 22(6): 1517-1528 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [38] |
Zheng, H. R., Luo, J., 2024. Progress in Research on the Exploration and Evaluation of Deep Geothermal Resources in the Fujian⁃Guangdong⁃Hainan Region, China. Energy Geoscience, 5(2): 100232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engeos.2023.100232 |
“地球深部探测与矿产资源勘查”国家科技重大专项课题(2024ZD1003602)
国家自然科学基金项目(42277188)
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |