场地孔隙含水层非均质性对污染物迁移转化与修复的影响

袁媛 ,  朱巧慧 ,  童曼 ,  李航 ,  郑先中 ,  刘洁 ,  袁松虎

地球科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (6) : 2336 -2346.

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地球科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (6) : 2336 -2346. DOI: 10.3799/dqkx.2026.130

场地孔隙含水层非均质性对污染物迁移转化与修复的影响

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Influence of Porous Aquifer Heterogeneity on Contaminant Transport, Transformation and Remediation

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摘要

孔隙含水层非均质性是制约污染场地地下水修复的核心因素.阐述了结构与氧化还原两种非均质性的概念,深入分析了两种非均质性对污染物和修复剂迁移转化的影响机制.结构非均质主要影响污染物迁移和修复剂传输扩散过程,含水介质渗透性差异通常导致低渗区成为修复剂难以入渗的修复盲区,在修复后期因反向扩散出现污染物浓度反弹.以氧化还原容量差异表征的氧化还原非均质性,主要通过参与电子转移过程影响污染物转化和修复剂消耗,因此选择修复技术和设计参数时需特别考虑氧化还原容量的影响.最后针对非均质含水层修复中的关键挑战,在总结应对措施的基础上提出了未来的研究方向.

Abstract

Porous aquifer heterogeneity is a fundamental factor constraining the efficiency of groundwater remediation at contaminated sites. This study clarified the concepts of structural heterogeneity and redox heterogeneity, and systematically analyzed the mechanisms of heterogeneity governing the transport and transformation of contaminants and remediation reagents.Structural heterogeneity primarily controls contaminant transport and the delivery and dispersion of remediation reagents. Permeability difference within aquifers commonly results in remediation blind zones in low-permeability regions as amendment penetration is limited. This may lead to contaminant rebound during the later stage of remediation due to back diffusion. Redox heterogeneity, characterized by spatial variations in redox capacity, mainly influenced contaminant transformation and remediation reagent consumption through its involvement in electron transfer processes. Consequently, the effects of redox capacity must be explicitly considered in the selection of remediation technologies and the design of operational parameters. Finally, key challenges associated with the remediation of heterogeneous aquifers are identified, and future research directions are proposed based on a synthesis of existing mitigation strategies.

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关键词

含水层非均质性 / 含水层结构 / 氧化还原 / 污染物 / 地下水修复 / 水文地质.

Key words

aquifer heterogeneity / aquifer structure / redox reaction / contaminant / groundwater remediation / hydrogeology

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袁媛,朱巧慧,童曼,李航,郑先中,刘洁,袁松虎. 场地孔隙含水层非均质性对污染物迁移转化与修复的影响[J]. 地球科学, 2026, 51(6): 2336-2346 DOI:10.3799/dqkx.2026.130

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0 引言

场地孔隙含水层(以下简称“含水层”)污染的绿色低碳原位修复是当前环境领域面临的一大挑战,其中含水层非均质性是最为关键的要素.含水层非均质性包括结构非均质性和地球化学非均质性(Cherry and Freeze,1979),地球化学非均质中的氧化还原非均质性因为对污染物迁移转化具有重要影响而受到重视(袁松虎等,2024).在含水层原位修复过程中,结构非均质性控制修复剂和污染物的物理传输过程,使修复剂和污染物的传输过程主要发生在渗透性较好的砂质区域,形成围绕低渗透黏性区域的绕流现象(Guo et al.,2021;Bolhari and Sale,2023),引起蓄积在低渗区的污染物发生反向扩散等问题(Tatti et al.,2018).氧化还原非均质性控制修复剂与污染物的化学和生物转化过程,还原容量可直接参与氧化型污染物的化学或生物转化(Janot et al.,2015),也可与还原型污染物竞争氧化剂和电子供体,并引起氧化剂和电子供体的额外消耗,增加修复成本(Ahmad et al.,2013),而氧化容量导致相反的作用(Ludwig et al.,2007).

为了深入理解含水层非均质性对污染物迁移转化和修复的影响,本文首先阐述了结构非均质与氧化还原非均质的概念与特征,进而讨论了两种非均质性对污染物迁移转化的影响机制,以及对化学和生物修复的影响机制,最后在总结应对措施的基础上提出了未来的研究展望.

1 场地含水层非均质性的概念与特征

含水层非均质性通常定义为含水介质的岩性或渗透系数在空间上的变化(Cherry and Freeze,1979),即传统的结构非均质性.水力传导系数的自然方差是评价含水层结构非均质性强弱的常用指标(Dagan,1982).在实际研究中,水力传导自然对数方差为0.38、1.71、2.7和4.5的含水层分别表示含水层结构的弱非均质、中等非均质、强非均质和极强非均质性(Sudicky,1986;Rehfeldt et al.,1992;Herfort,2000).随着研究的深入,含水层化学性质的空间差异对污染物迁移转化及修复效果的影响逐渐受到关注(Wang et al.,2024b),由此提出了化学非均质性的概念.化学非均质中以氧化还原非均质性对污染物转化和修复的影响最大.含水层氧化还原非均质性指氧化还原活性物质类型和含量在空间分布上的差异性,可表现为氧化容量与还原容量的分布差异(袁松虎 等,2024).

含水层结构非均质性主要表现为含水介质岩性或渗透系数在层间和层内的差异,通常包括层状非均质性、层内非均质性、不连续非均质性、随机非均质性和趋势非均质性(Woessner and Poeter,2020),其中前两种在污染场地中最为常见(图1).层状非均质性表现为不同含水层之间渗透系数的数量级存在显著差异(Woessner and Poeter,2020;Aranguren⁃Díaz et al.,2024),源于沉积作用导致的粒级分选与成层结构差异,以及成岩过程中压实、胶结作用造成的孔隙度与孔喉结构演化.层内非均质性指同一地层单元内部存在的局部性质差异,主要体现为“斑块状”分布(Riddle et al.,2025).层内非均质最典型的结构是在砂质含水层中存在低渗透的黏土透镜体,或者在粉黏质含水层中存在高渗透的砂质透镜体(图1)( Kessler et al.,2013).

含水层氧化还原非均质性表现为氧化/还原容量的差异,对应于特定氧化还原电位下消耗的氧化/还原剂的量,可类比于特定pH条件下的酸/碱缓冲容量.含水层氧化还原非均质性首先受岩性控制,其次受与外部介质(如空气、地表水等)的连通性控制.氧化还原非均质性的空间分异取决于不同岩性含水介质的空间分布,通常粉黏质介质富集更多的氧化还原活性物质(如Fe(II)、有机质等),具有更高的还原容量(Hoving et al.,2017).含水层与大气或地表水体的连通性决定了某种岩性介质内部氧化还原容量的分异,具体表现为临近地表的浅层氧化容量高、深层还原容量高的典型分布格局(图1).地表氧气和硝酸盐等氧化性物质可向含水层深部迁移,使垂向上氧化容量增加、还原容量降低,氧化容量与还原容量表现出演替式变化特征(Zhang et al.,2024).

除受氧化还原电位影响外,低渗透区与高渗透区之间的物质与电子交换也会影响氧化还原容量的空间分布(Zhang et al.,2024;Wang et al.,2025).来自低渗透区溶解释放的Fe(II)、有机质等组分,可支撑周围高渗透区还原容量的增加(Aeppli et al.,2022;Wang et al.,2024a).类似地,高渗透区可通过扩散作用向低渗透区输送溶解氧、硝酸根等氧化性物质,调控低渗透区从外向内的氧化还原容量分布.在氧化还原梯度的作用下,低渗透区内部和表面可发生长距离电子转移,进一步改变氧化还原容量的空间分布(Zhang et al.,2024).而在低-高渗透区界面处,具有醌结构的溶解性有机质及其络合物可作为电子穿梭体,加速电子从低渗透区向高渗透区的转移速率(Zhang and Weber,2009;Wang et al.,2025).

2 场地含水层非均质性对污染物迁移转化的影响机制

2.1 结构非均质性对地下水流和污染物分配的影响

含水层结构非均质性影响地下水流场,使流场在不同渗透性分层间呈现明显的差异,表现为高渗透地层沿水平方向的优先流动和低渗透地层内的滞流(张俊等,2020;蒋立群等,2021;Xiao et al.,2021).高渗透地层中的黏土透镜体使水流在其周围形成绕流或者水流停止区域(图2)(Scheibe and Yabusaki,1998),而低渗透含水层中高渗透性结构(如砂透镜体)可形成地下水的优先水流通道(Kessler et al.,2013;郭芷琳 等,2021).

由于不同岩性介质的组成与性质差异,污染物在低渗透与高渗透介质中的行为也呈现差异.相较于高渗透介质,低渗透介质含有更多的黏土矿物和有机质等,颗粒比表面积更大,因此对重金属和有机污染物的吸附截留作用强(Moyo et al.,2014;李付兰 等,2015;Zhang et al.,2017).而高渗透介质的吸附与沉淀截留作用较弱,主要原因是其通过物理吸附、范德华力等弱作用力吸附污染物,而且吸附的污染物在水流作用下容易发生解吸.当不同介质之间的渗透系数差超过2个数量级时,低渗透区通常成为污染物的富集区(图2)(Bolhari and Sale,2023).根据污染物浓度、种类以及自然衰减作用的不同,不同污染物在低渗区的富集行为存在差异.例如,四氯乙烯在低渗透镜体中的富集浓度可达12 000 mg/kg(Fjordbøge et al.,2012).此外,当存在优先水流通道且富集区域下伏黏土隔水层时,污染物也能实现大量富集,这主要归因于黏土隔水层既能吸附污染物,又能阻隔污染物的下渗迁移(Filippini et al.,2020).当周围高渗透介质中污染物浓度降低后,富集在低渗透区的污染物通过解吸与溶解缓慢释放到周围高渗透介质,该过程又被称为反向扩散(图2)(Tatti et al.,2018).

2.2 氧化还原非均质性对污染物化学和生物转化的影响

氧化还原电位决定污染物转化能否发生,而氧化还原容量则影响污染物转化的程度(Lu et al.,2025).在氧化还原电位低、还原容量高的含水层(如黏土层),还原态有机质与Fe(II)可作为电子供体(图3),直接还原重金属如Cr(VI)和U(VI)等(Janot et al.,2015;Joe⁃Wong et al.,2017).在氧化还原条件动态变化时下,溶解氧入渗引起氧化还原电位升高,高还原容量介质可活化溶解氧产生羟基自由基等活性氧,引发三氯乙烯、多环芳烃、苯酚、石油烃、抗生素以及As(III)等污染物的化学氧化(Zhang et al.,2025).化学转化的发生受控于还原性物质与污染物之间反应的热力学与动力学过程,含水层Fe(II)能还原Cr(VI)却难与As(V)、Cd(II)和Zn(II)等污染物反应,同时Cr(VI)还原量和·OH产量与含水介质还原容量之间表现出显著正相关(Lu et al.,2025).

在特定条件下,氧化还原容量对污染物生物降解表现出一定的竞争抑制作用.在高氧化还原电位和高氧化容量的条件下(如含水层浅部),污染物发生生物氧化降解时,还原容量将与降解污染物的微生物竞争电子受体,通过消耗还原容量使氧化还原电位提高到污染物生物氧化所需的适宜水平(图4a).例如,含水层中溶解性二价铁浓度超过20 mg/L时,依赖增加氧气(电子受体)的生物曝氧修复将受到明显的限制(EPA,1994).类似地,在低氧化还原电位和高还原容量条件下(如含水层深部),生物还原是污染物降解的主要途径,氧化容量将与污染物竞争电子供体,体系需消耗氧化容量使氧化还原电位降低到污染物生物还原所需的适宜水平(图4a).例如,在生物脱氯启动之前,微生物需先利用碳源将源于三价铁和四价锰的氧化容量消耗,并消耗部分硫酸盐,创造出适宜于生物脱氯的条件(Shi et al.,2023).在修复三氯乙烯污染场地过程中,三价铁和硫酸盐还原过程会竞争含水层中超过60%的电子供体,成为制约修复效率的主要因素(Henry,2010).因此,在修复类似场地时,考虑投加硫酸盐与三氯乙烯浓度之和四倍的乙醇(电子供体),以有效刺激脱氯微生物的生长与脱氯(ITRC,2007).

3 场地非均质性对污染修复的制约机制

3.1 结构非均质性对污染修复的影响

针对原位注入修复技术,含水层结构非均质性通过控制水流场,影响药剂传输路径和传输效率.修复剂在含水层中注入位置的差异将导致不同的传输路径,并决定药剂能否与污染物有效接触.在层间非均质条件下,层间渗透性系数差异使药剂在横向的传输能力往往高于纵向(Bakker and Bot,2025).因此,通过同一注入井向多个含水层注入修复剂时,低渗透层内药剂注入速率、通量和距离均小于高渗透含水层.例如,同一注入井对应的高渗透含水层的注入速率可高达每米2.5 L/min,而在低渗透层中的注入速率却普遍低于每米0.62 L/min.在层内非均质的影响下,注入的修复剂将沿优先水流通道快速运移,或者在低渗透区形成绕流(图4b),进而导致修复剂与低渗透区富集的污染物的有效接触降低(Muller et al.,2021).例如,高渗透背景与低渗透透镜体渗透系数之比为14时,透镜体中修复剂的波及效率仅有2.7%(Xie et al.,2025).

因此,结构非均质通过改变修复剂的注入和传输,使其在含水层中空间分布不均,进而导致修复剂与污染物的接触存在空间差异,造成修复效率的空间差异,甚至形成修复盲区.在层间非均质影响下,修复剂可滞留在隔水层表面,难以扩散至深层,形成了层间修复的盲区.而层内非均质造成的修复试剂“绕流”,使得低渗透镜体等结构内部的污染物被隔绝,形成了层内修复盲区.

除此之外,结构非均质通过影响污染物迁移速率和加热效率分别影响了可渗透反应墙和原位热处理技术的修复效率.可渗透反应墙原位修复技术依赖含有污染物的地下水流被动穿过该装置(Starr and Cherry,1994).然而富集在低渗透结构(天然隔水层与层内黏土透镜体)中的污染物由于其极低的迁移速率(例如,黏土中三氯乙烯扩散系数为1.1 × 10-8~1.3 × 10-6 cm2/s;Cd在黏土中的扩散系数为(4.9~6.7)× 10-8 cm2/s)(Roehl and Czurda,1998;Ayral⁃Cinar and Demond,2017),常在可渗透反应墙修复期结束后向清洁的高渗区不断释放污染物,最终导致可渗透反应墙原位修复不彻底(ITRC,2011).不同的原位热修复技术受含水层结构非均质性的影响存在差异.在蒸汽强化抽提系统中,层间的黏土透镜体使蒸汽绕流而低渗黏土层阻碍蒸汽迁移,导致高渗区升温快、低渗区升温慢,进而降低有机污染物(例如三氯乙烯)的修复效率(Liu et al.,2021;Davis,2023).相比之下,使用热传导或者电阻时,低渗透区的加热效率与污染物去除效率将会更高(Martin et al.,2016;Mumford et al.,2021).例如,在电阻加热处理下,黏土透镜体中三氯乙烯的相对水相浓度在加热后降至初始值的6%以下(Mumford et al.,2021).

3.2 氧化还原非均质性对污染修复的影响

3.2.1 氧化还原容量对污染物自然衰减的影响

含水层氧化还原非均质性通过调控氧化/还原容量,影响污染物化学与生物转化的进行程度,进而影响污染物的自然衰减(图4a).对化学衰减途径而言,在Eh相对稳定条件下,含水层的氧化容量与还原容量分别控制了污染物自然衰减的氧化与还原过程.例如,在Eh较高条件下,氧化容量越高,被Mn(IV)氧化为Cr(VI)的Cr(III)比例越高(Apte et al.,2006).在低Eh条件下,还原容量越高,污染物的化学还原降解程度越高.当Eh由低向高转变时(如地表水补给地下水过程),还原活性物质如Fe(II)与氧气作用产生羟基自由基,参与污染物的化学氧化,在氧气充足条件下还原容量越高产生的羟基自由基越多,对有机污染物的降解量越高(Zhang et al.,2025).对生物衰减途径而言,氧化/还原容量通过充当或者竞争电子受体/供体,影响污染物的生物转化,总体规律与氧化还原容量影响污染物生物转化的规律类似.

3.2.2 氧化还原容量对化学和生物修复的影响

含水层中贡献氧化还原容量的活性组分通常会与修复剂发生氧化还原反应,导致修复剂被消耗,从而增加修复剂的用量,降低修复剂利用率.由于含水层中氧化还原活性物质的电子接受/供给能力通常低于氧化/还原修复剂,因此修复剂的这种消耗将减慢污染物的化学与生物修复速率(图4b).

在化学修复过程中,贡献还原容量的活性物质可充当还原剂或者催化剂,加速修复剂的分解.例如注入含水层的过硫酸盐,常被Fe(II)和有机质等还原物质分解为氧化性较弱的SO42-(Ahmad et al.,2013;Dong et al.,2021).同时,具有还原性的Fe(II)/Mn(II)还可作为活性位点,促进O3的自分解(Kwon et al.,2012).类似地,依赖含水层还原容量产生的羟基自由基,在还原容量过高的条件下也会对羟基自由基形成自淬灭效应,抑制污染物降解(Zheng et al.,2024).另一方面,贡献氧化容量的活性物质(如铁锰氧化物),通常作为氧化剂与Cr(VI)共同竞争还原剂(如连二亚硫酸钠),降低氧化性污染物的还原(Ludwig et al.,2007).

在生物修复过程中,贡献还原容量的活性物质可作为电子供体与微生物竞争电子受体,进而降低污染物的降解速率.例如,含水层中固有的电子供体(如具有还原性基团的天然有机质)会快速消耗补给的氧气,从而限制微生物对有机污染物(如石油烃)的降解(Salowsky et al.,2021).而贡献氧化容量的活性物质(如Fe(III))的还原过程,通过与三氯乙烯还原菌竞争电子供体而限制三氯乙烯的降解效率(Paul et al.,2013).

在岩性控制下,结构非均质与氧化还原非均质通常出现空间重叠,共同对污染修复造成影响.在Eh稳定条件下,低渗透黏土区通常对应高还原容量,此时两种非均质性共同抑制修复效率.以氧化修复为例,结构非均质性通过限制修复剂的注入与传输,使低渗透区成为低修复效率区甚至修复盲区;而同时,高还原容量的低渗透区会消耗入渗的低浓度氧化性修复剂,进一步降低其有效浓度.二者叠加分别从“物理上传质受限”和“化学上效率衰减”两个方面,降低修复剂与污染物的有效接触,增加修复难度.

4 非均质含水层修复的应对措施

基于上述影响机制,在开展非均质含水层修复时,需在常规修复策略的基础上,在不同修复阶段增加应对结构和氧化还原非均质的措施(表1).场地调查分为地质调查与污染物调查:(1)在地质调查阶段,联用钻孔和物探等多种方法,提高结构非均质区域在岩性界面的表征精度;在此基础上,结合钻孔与地下水氧化还原性质,增加预测含水层氧化还原非均质性.(2)在污染物调查阶段,着重关注结构非均质区域内低渗区内污染物的富集程度与释放周期;结合污染物性质与含水层氧化还原非均质性,增加刻画污染物自然衰减过程中的时空演化.

在场地修复阶段,根据场地调查结果、修复时限和修复成本,有针对性地选择修复技术:(1)在场地条件允许、时间紧急和资金充裕条件下,可通过清挖等方式清除低渗区污染物,或者通过高压旋喷等增渗途径促进修复剂在低渗区的传输,处理污染物富集的低渗区.(2)在时间宽裕和资金有限的条件下,优先开展绿色低碳原位修复,可先设置阻隔等措施进行控源,进而采用强化自然衰减、化学和生物等方法进行原位修复.同时,结合含水层氧化还原非均质性,在高还原容量区域内匹配还原型修复技术,增加修复剂的注入量与注入频次.最后在场地修复效果评估阶段,特别关注低渗区中污染物的剩余浓度,防止修复结束后污染物的“反弹”.

5 总结与展望

本文讨论了场地含水层结构和氧化还原非均质性对污染物迁移转化与修复的影响规律与机制.自然条件下,结构非均质控制地下水流场,导致污染物在低渗透区域富集,而氧化还原非均质影响污染物的化学与生物转化途径、速率与程度.修复条件下,结构非均质通过限制修复剂的传输,减小修复剂的作用范围;氧化还原非均质通过减少修复剂的有效含量,抑制污染物的生物降解效率,降低修复剂的作用效果.

为应对含水层非均质性对修复的挑战,我们提出以下3个主要研究方向:(1)含水层结构非均质性刻画需研发更高分辨率(如厘米级)的方法,氧化还原非均质性则需探明其与结构非均质和水化学条件的内在关系,研发定量转化模型,避免对钻孔样品的过多依赖;(2)研发专门针对非均质含水层低渗区污染的原位绿色低碳修复技术,为解决非均质含水层修复的关键卡点问题提供技术支撑;(3)开发含水层非均质性影响污染物迁移转化与修复的数值模型,实现不同非均质性和修复情景条件下的模拟预测.

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3706500)

国家自然科学基金项目(42530706)

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