超重力构造物理模拟技术进展及应用
Progress and Application of Centrifuge Analogue Modelling in Tectonic Deformation
,
超重力物理模拟技术是重现具有多层流变结构的地壳‒岩石圈尺度构造变形过程的有效方法,在研究深部流变结构及其对上地壳脆性变形的影响中发挥了重要作用,广泛应用于底辟构造、褶皱冲断带、大陆伸展构造、岩浆‒裂谷相互作用和走滑拉分盆地研究中.本文回顾了超重力构造物理模拟技术发展历史,论述了超重力构造物理模拟实验原理、仪器设备、实验材料以及监测与分析技术的最新进展,对比了超重力与常规构造物理模拟实验的差异,分析了超重力构造物理模拟技术在伸展、挤压、走滑、盐/岩浆构造等不同构造背景研究的实例,并展望了超重力构造物理模拟技术在油气勘探与深地研究中的应用前景,探讨了未来发展方向.
Centrifuge analogue modelling is an effective method to reproduce the tectonic deformation process of the crust-lithosphere scale with a multi-layer rheological structure. Due to its important role in investigating deep rheological architectures and their influence on brittle deformation in the upper crust, it has been widely applied to studies of diapirism, fold-and-thrust belts, continental extension, magma-rift interactions, and strike-slip pull-apart basins. In this study, the development history of centrifuge analogue tectonic modeling is summarized, and the modelling principles, apparatus, materials, and recent advances in monitoring and analysis techniques are discussed in detail. Differences between centrifuge and normal gravity analogue modeling experiments are systematically compared. Representative applications of centrifuge analogue modeling under different tectonic settings are analyzed, including extensional, compressional, strike-slip, and salt/magmatic tectonic regimes. Finally, it presents the application prospects of centrifuge analogue modelling in hydrocarbon exploration and deep-earth system research and discuss the future development direction of this technology.
| [1] |
Abdelmalak, M. M., Bulois, C., Mourgues, R., et al., 2016. Description of New Dry Granular Materials of Variable Cohesion and Friction Coefficient: Implications for Laboratory Modeling of the Brittle Crust. Tectonophysics, 684: 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.03.003 |
| [2] |
Agostini, A., Bonini, M., Corti, G., et al., 2011. Fault Architecture in the Main Ethiopian Rift and Comparison with Experimental Models: Implications for Rift Evolution and Nubia⁃Somalia Kinematics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 301(3/4): 479-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.11.024 |
| [3] |
Agostini, A., Corti, G., Zeoli, A., et al., 2009. Evolution, Pattern, and Partitioning of Deformation during Oblique Continental Rifting: Inferences from Lithospheric‐Scale Centrifuge Models. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10(11): 2009GC002676. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002676 |
| [4] |
Ballard, S., Pollack, H. N., 1987. Diversion of Heat by Archean Cratons: A Model for Southern Africa. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 85(1/2/3): 253-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012⁃821X(87)90036⁃7 |
| [5] |
Bonini, L., Fracassi, U., Bertone, N., et al., 2023. How do Inherited Dip⁃Slip Faults Affect the Development of New Extensional Faults Insights from Wet Clay Analog Models. Journal of Structural Geology, 169: 104836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2023.104836 |
| [6] |
Bonini, M., Sokoutis, D., Mulugeta, G., et al., 2001. Dynamics of Magma Emplacement in Centrifuge Models of Continental Extension with Implications for Flank Volcanism. Tectonics, 20(6): 1053-1065. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001tc900017 |
| [7] |
Boutelier, D., Schrank, C., Regenauer⁃Lieb, K., 2019.2⁃D Finite Displacements and Strain from Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) Analysis of Tectonic Analogue Models with TecPIV. Solid Earth, 10(4): 1123-1139. https://doi.org/10.5194/se⁃10⁃1123⁃2019 |
| [8] |
Brun, J. P., 2002. Deformation of the Continental Lithosphere: Insights from Brittle⁃Ductile Models. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 200(1): 355-370. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2001.200.01.20 |
| [9] |
Brun, J. P., Merle, O., 1985. Strain Patterns in Models of Spreading⁃Gliding Nappes. Tectonics, 4(7): 705-719. https://doi.org/10.1029/tc004i007p00705 |
| [10] |
Bucky, P., 1931. Use of Models for the Study of Mining Problems. The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Pennsylvania. |
| [11] |
Chen, X., Zhuang, D. Y., Zhan, L. T., et al., 2026. Study on the Role of Weak Lower Crust in Cenozoic Tectonic Deformation of Qinghai⁃Tibet Plateau by an Integrated Centrifugal Analog Modeling and Numerical Simulation Approach. Journal of Earth Science, 37(1): 137-154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583⁃025⁃0284⁃4 |
| [12] |
Chen, Y. M., 2020. Centrifugal Hypergravity Experiment: A Revolutionary Means to Explore the Evolution of Multiphase Media. Journal of Zhejiang University (Engineering Science), 54(4): 631-632 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [13] |
Corti, G., 2004. Centrifuge Modelling of the Influence of Crustal Fabrics on the Development of Transfer Zones: Insights into the Mechanics of Continental Rifting Architecture. Tectonophysics, 384(1-4): 191-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.03.014 |
| [14] |
Corti, G., 2008. Control of Rift Obliquity on the Evolution and Segmentation of the Main Ethiopian Rift. Nature Geoscience, 1(4): 258-262. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo160 |
| [15] |
Corti, G., 2012. Evolution and Characteristics of Continental Rifting: Analog Modeling⁃Inspired View and Comparison with Examples from the East African Rift System. Tectonophysics, 522: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2011.06.010 |
| [16] |
Corti, G., Bonini, M., Conticelli, S., et al., 2003a. Analogue Modelling of Continental Extension: A Review Focused on the Relations between the Patterns of Deformation and the Presence of Magma. Earth⁃Science Reviews, 63(3-4): 169-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012⁃8252(03)00035⁃7 |
| [17] |
Corti, G., Van Wijk, J., Bonini, M., et al., 2003b. Transition from Continental Break⁃up to Punctiform Seafloor Spreading: How Fast, Symmetric and Magmatic. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(12): 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl017374 |
| [18] |
Corti, G., Bonini, M., Innocenti, F., et al., 2001. Centrifuge Models Simulating Magma Emplacement during Oblique Rifting. Journal of Geodynamics, 31(5): 557-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264⁃3707(01)00032⁃1 |
| [19] |
Corti, G., Calignano, E., Petit, C., et al., 2011. Controls of Lithospheric Structure and Plate Kinematics on Rift Architecture and Evolution: An Experimental Modeling of the Baikal Rift. Tectonics, 30(3): 2011TC002871. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011tc002871 |
| [20] |
Corti, G., Dooley, T. P., 2015. Lithospheric⁃Scale Centrifuge Models of Pull⁃apart Basins. Tectonophysics, 664: 154-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.09.004 |
| [21] |
Corti, G., Iandelli, I., Cerca, M., 2013a. Experimental Modeling of Rifting at Craton Margins. Geosphere, 9(1): 138-154 |
| [22] |
Corti, G., Philippon, M., Sani, F., et al., 2013b. Re⁃ Orientation of the Extension Direction and Pure Extensional Faulting at Oblique Rift Margins: Comparison between the Main Ethiopian Rift and Laboratory Experiments. Terra Nova, 25(5): 396-404. https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12049 |
| [23] |
Corti, G., Ranalli, G., Agostini, A., et al., 2013c. Inward Migration of Faulting during Continental Rifting: Effects of Pre⁃Existing Lithospheric Structure and Extension Rate. Tectonophysics, 594: 137-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.03.028 |
| [24] |
Corti, G., Manetti, P., 2006. Asymmetric Rifts Due to Asymmetric Mohos: An Experimental Approach. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 245(1/2): 315-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.02.004 |
| [25] |
Del Ventisette, C., Bonini, M., Agostini, A., et al., 2019. Using Different Grain⁃Size Granular Mixtures (Quartz and K⁃Feldspar Sand) in Analogue Extensional Models. Journal of Structural Geology, 129: 103888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103888 |
| [26] |
Dietl, C., Koyi, H., 2011. Sheets within Diapirs-Results of a Centrifuge Experiment. Journal of Structural Geology, 33(1): 32-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2010.10.010 |
| [27] |
Dixon, J. M., Simpson, D. G., 1987. Centrifuge Modelling of Laccolith Intrusion. Journal of Structural Geology, 9(1): 87-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191⁃8141(87)90046⁃0 |
| [28] |
Dixon, J. M., Summers, J. M., 1983. Patterns of Total and Incremental Strain in Subsiding Troughs: Experimental Centrifuged. Models of Inter⁃Diapir Synclines. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20(12): 1843-1861. https://doi.org/10.1139/e83⁃175 |
| [29] |
Dixon, J. M., Summers, J. M., 1985. Recent Developments in Centrifuge Modelling of Tectonic Processes: Equipment, Model Construction Techniques and Rheology of Model Materials. Journal of Structural Geology, 7(1): 83-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191⁃8141(85)90117⁃8 |
| [30] |
Dixon, J. M., Tirrul, R., 1991. Centrifuge Modelling of Fold⁃Thrust Structures in a Tripartite Stratigraphic Succession. Journal of Structural Geology, 13(1): 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191⁃8141(91)90097⁃3 |
| [31] |
Donnadieu, F., Kelfoun, K., van Wyk de Vries, B., et al., 2003. Digital Photogrammetry as a Tool in Analogue Modelling: Applications to Volcano Instability. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 123(1-2): 161-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377⁃0273(03)00034⁃9 |
| [32] |
Ghosh, S. K., Ramberg, H., 1968. Buckling Experiments on Intersecting Fold Patterns. Tectonophysics, 5(2): 89-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040⁃1951(68)90083⁃8 |
| [33] |
Godin, L., Yakymchuk, C., Harris, L. B., 2011. Himalayan Hinterland⁃Verging Superstructure Folds Related to Foreland⁃Directed Infrastructure Ductile Flow: Insights from Centrifuge Analogue Modelling. Journal of Structural Geology, 33(3): 329-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2010.09.005 |
| [34] |
Harris, L. B., Godin, L., Yakymchuk, C., 2012a. Regional Shortening Followed by Channel Flow Induced Collapse: A New Mechanism for “Dome and Keel” Geometries in Neoarchaean Granite⁃Greenstone Terrains. Precambrian Research, 212: 139-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2012.04.022 |
| [35] |
Harris, L. B., Yakymchuk, C., Godin, L., 2012b. Implications of Centrifuge Simulations of Channel Flow for Opening out or Destruction of Folds. Tectonophysics, 526: 67-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2011.05.002 |
| [36] |
Harris, L. B., Koyi, H. A., 2003. Centrifuge Modelling of Folding in High⁃Grade Rocks during Rifting. Journal of Structural Geology, 25(2): 291-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191⁃8141(02)00018⁃4 |
| [37] |
Hubbert, M. K., 1937. Theory of Scale Models as Applied to the Study of Geologic Structures. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 48(10): 1459-1520. https://doi.org/10.1130/gsab⁃48⁃1459 |
| [38] |
Jackson, M. P. A., Talbot, C. J., 1986. External Shapes, Strain Rates, and Dynamics of Salt Structures. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 97(3): 305. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016⁃7606(1986)97305:essrad>2.0.co;2 |
| [39] |
Jackson, M. P. A., Talbot, C. J., 1989. Anatomy of Mushroom⁃Shaped Diapirs. Journal of Structural Geology, 11(1-2): 211-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191⁃8141(89)90044⁃8 |
| [40] |
Jia, D., Yang, S. F., Yin, H. W., et al., 2023. Physical Modelling Experiments of Fold⁃Thrust Belts: A Review Based on Previous and New Experimental Models. Acta Geologica Sinica, 97(9): 2896-2913 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [41] |
Koyi, H., 1988. Experimental Modeling of Role of Gravity and Lateral Shortening in Zagros Mountain Belt. AAPG Bulletin, 72(11): 1381-1394. https://doi.org/10.1306/703c99ab⁃1707⁃11d7⁃8645000102c1865d |
| [42] |
Koyi, H., 1991. Gravity Overturns, Extension, and Basement Fault Activation. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 14(S1): 117-142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747⁃5457.1991.tb00358.x |
| [43] |
Koyi, H., 1997. Analogue Modelling: From a Qualitative to a Quantitative Technique—A Historical Outline. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 20(2): 223-238. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747⁃5457.1997.tb00774.x |
| [44] |
Koyi, H., Petersen, K., 1993. Influence of Basement Faults on the Development of Salt Structures in the Danish Basin. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 10(2): 82-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264⁃8172(93)90015⁃K |
| [45] |
Koyi, H. A., Skelton, A., 2001. Centrifuge Modelling of the Evolution of Low⁃Angle Detachment Faults from High⁃Angle Normal Faults. Journal of Structural Geology, 23(8): 1179-1185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191⁃8141(00)00185⁃1 |
| [46] |
Liu, S. M., Dixon, J. M., 1991. Centrifuge Modelling of Thrust Faulting: Structural Variation along Strike in Fold⁃Thrust Belts. Tectonophysics, 188(1/2): 39-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040⁃1951(91)90313⁃H |
| [47] |
Mart, Y., Aharonov, E., Mulugeta, G., et al., 2005. Analogue Modelling of the Initiation of Subduction. Geophysical Journal International, 160(3): 1081-1091. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365⁃246x.2005.02544.x |
| [48] |
Michon, L., Sokoutis, D., 2005. Interaction between Structural Inheritance and Extension Direction during Graben and Depocentre Formation: An Experimental Approach. Tectonophysics, 409(1/2/3/4): 125-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2005.08.020 |
| [49] |
Milazzo, F., Cavozzi, C., Corti, G., et al., 2021. Centrifuge Modelling of Thrust Systems in the Brittle Crust: Role of Frictional Décollement Geometry. Journal of Structural Geology, 153: 104450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2021.104450 |
| [50] |
Mulugeta, G., 1988a. Modelling the Geometry of Coulomb Thrust Wedges. Journal of Structural Geology, 10(8): 847-859. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191⁃8141(88)90099⁃5 |
| [51] |
Mulugeta, G., 1988b. Squeeze Box in a Centrifuge. Tectonophysics, 148(3-4): 323-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040⁃1951(88)90139⁃4 |
| [52] |
Nestola, Y., Storti, F., Cavozzi, C., 2015. Strain Rate⁃ Dependent Lithosphere Rifting and Necking Architectures in Analog Experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 120(1): 584-594. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jb011623 |
| [53] |
Nikkilä, K., Korja, A., Koyi, H., et al., 2015. Analog Modeling of One⁃Way Gravitational Spreading of Hot Orogen: A Case Study from the Svecofennian Orogen, Fennoscandian Shield. Precambrian Research, 268: 135-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2015.07.011 |
| [54] |
Noble, T. E., Dixon, J. M., 2011. Structural Evolution of Fold⁃Thrust Structures in Analog Models Deformed in a Large Geotechnical Centrifuge. Journal of Structural Geology, 33(2): 62-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2010.12.007 |
| [55] |
Philippon, M., Corti, G., 2016. Obliquity along Plate Boundaries. Tectonophysics, 693: 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.05.033 |
| [56] |
Philippon, M., Willingshofer, E., Sokoutis, D., et al., 2015. Slip Re⁃Orientation in Oblique Rifts. Geology, 43(2): 147-150. https://doi.org/10.1130/g36208.1 |
| [57] |
Ramberg, H., 1970. Folding of Laterally Compressed Multilayers in the Field of Gravity, I. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 2(4): 203-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031⁃9201(70)90010⁃5 |
| [58] |
Ramberg, H., 1971. Folding of Laterally Compressed Multilayers in the Field of Gravity, II Numerical Examples. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 4(2): 83-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031⁃9201(71)90006⁃9 |
| [59] |
Ramberg, H., 1981. The Role of Gravity in Orogenic Belts. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 9(1): 125-140. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1981.009.01.11 |
| [60] |
Ramberg, H., 2010. Model Experimentation of the Effect of Gravity on Tectonic Processes. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 14(1/2/3/4): 307-329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365⁃246x.1967.tb06247.x |
| [61] |
Ritter, M. C., Leever, K., Rosenau, M., et al., 2016. Scaling the Sandbox—Mechanical (Dis) Similarities of Granular Materials and Brittle Rock. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 121(9): 6863-6879. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jb012915 |
| [62] |
Santolaria, P., Harris, L. B., Casas, A. M., et al., 2022. Influence of Décollement⁃Cover Thickness Variations in Fold⁃and⁃Thrust Belts: Insights from Centrifuge Analog Modeling. Journal of Structural Geology, 163: 104704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2022.104704 |
| [63] |
Schlagenhauf, A., Manighetti, I., Malavieille, J., et al., 2008. Incremental Growth of Normal Faults: Insights from a Laser⁃Equipped Analog Experiment. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 273(3/4): 299-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.042 |
| [64] |
Sokoutis, D., Corti, G., Bonini, M., et al., 2007. Modelling the Extension of Heterogeneous Hot Lithosphere. Tectonophysics, 444(1-4): 63-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.08.012 |
| [65] |
Talbot, C. J., 1977. Inclined and Asymmetric Upward⁃ Moving Gravity Structures. Tectonophysics, 42(2/3/4): 159-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040⁃1951(77)90166⁃4 |
| [66] |
Tentler, T., 2003. Analogue Modeling of Overlapping Spreading Centers: Insights into Their Propagation and Coalescence. Tectonophysics, 376(1/2): 99-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2003.08.011 |
| [67] |
Tentler, T., Temperley, S., 2003. Segment Linkage during Evolution of Intracontinental Rift Systems: Insights from Analogue Modelling. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 212(1): 181-196. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2003.212.01.12 |
| [68] |
Wu, Z. Y., Yang, X. L., Yin, H. W., et al., 2023. Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Salt Structure Evolution in Awate Transfer Zone, Western Kuqa Depression. Earth Science, 48(4): 1271-1287 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [69] |
Xu, Y.G., Chen, J., 2025. China’s Deep Earth Science Development Strategy 2035. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese). |
| [70] |
Xu, Z. P., Yang, G. X., Luo, H. Y., et al., 2024. The Influence Lithologic Differences at Different Depths on the Segmentation between the Eastern and the Western Zones of Kuqa Depression. Earth Science, 49(8): 3029-3042 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [71] |
Yakymchuk, C., Godin, L., 2012. Coupled Role of Deformation and Metamorphism in the Construction of Inverted Metamorphic Sequences: An Example from Far⁃Northwest Nepal. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 30(5): 513-535. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525⁃1314.2012.00979.x |
| [72] |
Yang, S. F., Jia, C. Z., Chen, H. L., et al., 2022. Core Theories of Sedimentary Basin Structure and the Related Key Research Techniques: Frontiers and Development Directions. Earth Science Frontiers, 29(6): 10-23 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [73] |
Zhou, W. W., Dong, Y. P., Xiao, A. C., et al., 2023. Effect of Strike⁃Slip Activity of Basement Faults on Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Dongying Sag. Earth Science, 48(7): 2718-2732 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [74] |
Zou, Y. Y., 2024. The Influence of Preexisting Structures on the Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of Western Branch of the East African Rift Basin: Insights from Analog Modeling (Dissertation). China University of Geosciences, Wuhan (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [75] |
Zou, Y. Y., Maestrelli, D., Corti, G., et al., 2024. Influence of Inherited Brittle Fabrics on Continental Rifting: Insights from Centrifuge Experimental Modeling and Application to the East African Rift System. Tectonics, 43: e2023TC007947. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023tc007947 |
| [76] |
Zwaan, F., Corti, G., Keir, D., et al., 2020. Analogue Modelling of Marginal Flexure in Afar, East Africa: Implications for Passive Margin Formation. Tectonophysics, 796: 228595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228595 |
| [77] |
Zwaan, F., Schreurs, G., 2023. Analog Models of Lithospheric⁃Scale Rifting Monitored in an X⁃Ray CT Scanner. Tectonics, 42(3): e2022TC007291. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022tc007291 |
国家油气科技重大专项(2024ZD1400100)
深地国家科技重大专项(2024ZD1001703)
深地国家科技重大专项(2025ZD1007404)
国家留学基金项目(CSC.202506410028)
中国地质调查局武汉地质调查中心“潜龙计划”青年优秀项目(QL202506)
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |