深时成煤演化与成煤环境分析
Deep⁃Time Coal⁃Forming Evolution and Perspectives on Coal⁃Forming Environment Analysis
成煤环境分析是认识煤系沉积过程、恢复古环境演化和深化煤地质学理论的重要基础.系统梳理了深时成煤环境演化特征、泥炭沼泽分布及动态变化,总结了基于显微组分、显微煤岩类型、矿物‒元素地球化学和生物标志物等传统成煤环境分析方法,并讨论其适用性.结果表明,深时成煤环境演化受植物演替、气候变化和沉积体系调整共同控制,不同时代成煤植物、泥炭沼泽类型及沉积背景存在明显差异;泥炭沼泽广泛发育于三角洲平原、潮坪‒潟湖、河流‒湖泊及冲积平原等环境,其形成和保存受供水方式、水位状态、碎屑输入及海水影响等因素共同制约.传统煤相指标在成煤环境分析中具有重要作用,但其环境意义易受植被组成、分解作用、水位波动、外源输入及成岩‒煤化改造等因素影响.成煤环境分析应更加重视沉积过程约束,强化对供水方式、水位状态、碎屑输入和保存条件等主控因素的综合识别.在已有成煤环境分类认识基础上,进一步归纳了低位、中位和高位泥炭沼泽的沉积过程特征及综合判识思路.鄂尔多斯盆地实例表明,该思路有助于揭示煤层形成环境的垂向演化规律,可为成煤环境恢复和煤系沉积研究提供参考.
Coal-forming environment analysis is an important basis for understanding coal-measure sedimentary processes, reconstructing paleoenvironmental evolution, and advancing coal geology theory. This paper systematically reviews the evolutionary characteristics of coal-forming environments through geologic time, the distribution and dynamic evolution of peat swamps, and traditional analytical methods for coal-forming environments based on macerals, microlithotypes, mineral-element geochemistry, and biomarkers, and discusses their applicability. The results show that the evolution of coal-forming environments through geologic time was jointly controlled by plant succession, climate change, and adjustments in sedimentary systems, resulting in marked differences in coal-forming plants, peat swamp types, and depositional settings in different periods. Peat swamps are widely developed in delta plains, tidal flat-lagoon systems, fluvial-lacustrine settings, and alluvial plains, and their formation and preservation are jointly constrained by water supply pattern, water-table condition, clastic input, and marine influence. Traditional coal-facies indices play an important role in coal-forming environment analysis, but their environmental significance is readily affected by vegetation composition, decomposition, water-table fluctuations, allochthonous input, and diagenetic-coalification modification. On this basis, it is suggested that coal-forming environment analysis should place greater emphasis on depositional-process constraints and strengthen the integrated identification of key controlling factors such as water supply pattern, water-table condition, clastic input, and preservation conditions. It is further proposed that coal-forming peat swamps can be simplified into three types: low moor mire, transitional mire, and high moor mire. A case study from the Ordos Basin shows that this approach is helpful for revealing the vertical evolutionary pattern of coal-forming environments and can provide a reference for coal-forming environment reconstruction and coal-measure sedimentary research.
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国家科技重大专项项目(2025ZD1405700)
中石油煤层气有限责任公司科技项目(2026⁃KJ⁃0101)
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