经皮穴位电刺激预防术后恶心呕吐的临床应用研究进展

刘莹莹 ,  陈振 ,  周建顺 ,  胡倩 ,  王嘉晟 ,  王力峰

赣南医科大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (06) : 591 -596.

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赣南医科大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (06) : 591 -596. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5779.2025.06.014
综述

经皮穴位电刺激预防术后恶心呕吐的临床应用研究进展

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Research progress on clinical application of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting

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摘要

术后恶心呕吐(Postoperative nausea and vomiting,PONV)是围术期常见的并发症。研究表明,经皮穴位电刺激(Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation,TEAS)是预防围术期PONV的一种重要手段,TEAS作为一种非药物干预方法,因其效果佳、不良反应小、成本低及操作简便,广受关注。本文就PONV的危险因素、TEAS预防PONV的可能机制以及TEAS在临床中的应用进行综述。文献复习结果表明,PONV主要与患者自身因素、麻醉及手术相关因素。TEAS可能通过激活脑-肠轴、调节自主神经功能、抗炎等机制减少PONV的发生。但TEAS激活脑-肠轴主要集中于动物研究,临床研究较少,未来需要进一步探索穴位刺激的脑肠相互作用机制。在TEAS预防PONV的临床应用中,常选择内关(PC6)、合谷(LI4)、足三里(ST36)、三阴交(SP6)作为刺激穴位,参数设置为2/100 Hz的疏密波,刺激强度在“得气”的基础上,以患者最大耐受为准,但穴位配伍方法和最佳刺激时机仍无统一标准,临床上仍需进一步研究穴位具体配伍方法和最佳刺激时机。

Abstract

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common perioperative complication. Studies have shown that transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) is an important means to prevent perioperative PONV. TEAS, as a non pharmacological intervention method, has gained widespread attention due to its excellent efficacy, minimal adverse reactions, low cost, and easy operation. This article reviews the risk factors of PONV, the possible mechanism of TEAS in preventing PONV and the clinical application of TEAS. The results of literature review showed that PONV was mainly related to personal susceptibility, anesthesia and surgery. TEAS may reduce the occurrence of PONV by activating the brain-gut axis, regulating autonomic nerve function, anti-inflammatory and other mechanisms. However, TEAS activation of the brain-gut axis is mainly focused on animal studies, and clinical studiesare rare. In the future, it is necessary to further explore the brain-gut interaction mechanism of acupoint stimulation. In the clinical application of TEAS to prevent PONV, Neiguan (PC6), Hegu (LI4), Zusanli (ST36), and Sanyinjiao (SP6) are often selected as stimulating acupoints, and the parameters are set to 2 /100 Hz. The density wave, he stimulation intensity is based on the 'de qi', to the maximum tolerance of the patients. But there is still no uniform standards for the acupoint compatibility method and the best stimulation timing.It is still necessary to further study the specific compatibility methods of acupoints and the best stimulation time.

关键词

经皮穴位电刺激 / 术后恶心呕吐 / 麻醉

Key words

Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation / Postoperative nausea and vomiting / Anesthesia

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刘莹莹,陈振,周建顺,胡倩,王嘉晟,王力峰. 经皮穴位电刺激预防术后恶心呕吐的临床应用研究进展[J]. 赣南医科大学学报, 2025, 45(06): 591-596 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-5779.2025.06.014

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术后恶心呕吐(Postoperative nausea and vomiting,PONV)是围术期常见的并发症,约30%普通人群和80%高风险人群会出现PONV1。PONV包括术后恶心、呕吐或干呕3种症状,可单独出现或同时发生。PONV可增加误吸、出血、切口裂开、水电解质紊乱的风险,显著降低患者满意度,延长住院时间2。目前PONV的主要治疗方式为药物治疗,主要包括5-HT3受体拮抗剂、皮质类固醇、NK-1受体拮抗剂等,然而PONV发生机制复杂,常涉及多条通路,止吐药物作用机制单一,疗效有限,药物联合治疗仍无法避免PONV的发生。尤其在PONV高危人群中,即使采用3种止吐药物联合预防,其PONV发生率仍高达20%3。且多种药物联合使用可能增加头痛、便秘、伤口感染、锥体外系症状、QT间期延长等相关不良反应4。研究发现,经皮穴位电刺激(Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation,TEAS)可减少围术期恶心呕吐的发生,其结合经皮神经电刺激和中医传统穴位针灸的双重优势,通过皮肤表面的电极将电脉冲传递至目标穴位5。TEAS作为一种非药物干预方法,因其效果佳、不良反应小、成本低及操作简便,广受关注。了解PONV发生机制、危险因素以及TEAS治疗PONV的可能机制对临床运用TEAS至关重要。

1 PONV的潜在危险因素

PONV是一种复杂的生理现象,其发生机制复杂,涉及多系统(延髓、大脑皮层、下丘脑、脑膜、脑桥、前庭系统、胃肠道等)、多递质(血清素、多巴胺、胆碱能和神经激肽等)参与的复杂神经调控过程,其中包括中枢和外周神经传导通路的激活、神经递质与相应受体的调控、炎症免疫微环境的改变等6

围术期PONV受多种因素的影响,主要相关危险因素包括患者自身因素、麻醉及手术相关因素。女性是PONV发生的独立危险因素,约为男性的2~4倍7。这可能与月经周期的性激素水平有关,孕激素减小食管下括约肌张力、减慢胃排空、延长结肠运输时间;雌激素可降低疼痛阈值,增加阿片类药物需求,从而诱发恶心呕吐8-9。有晕动病的患者往往更容易出现PONV,可能与前庭功能敏感性异常导致的呕吐阈值下降有关10。与无PONV史患者相比,既往有PONV史患者PONV再次发生率增加2~3倍11。另外,不吸烟也是PONV发病的潜在因素,不吸烟患者PONV发生率是吸烟患者的2倍12。吸烟对PONV的保护作用可能与香烟中的尼古丁和多环芳烃有关13。年龄可能是PONV发病的另一个危险因素。研究发现,相较于<50岁的成人,50岁以上患者PONV发生风险明显减少,且年龄每增加10岁,PONV发生率降低约13%14。儿童与成人不同,年龄≥3岁是儿童PONV的危险因素,且随着年龄的增长,PONV发生率逐渐增加1。但年龄<3岁的儿童PONV发生率较低,可能是该年龄段自主反射较强,PONV阈值较高15

PONV与挥发性麻醉剂的使用有关,且其发病率随着挥发性麻醉剂暴露时间增加而增加16。氧化亚氮同样会增加术后恶心呕吐的发生率,且随着使用剂量升高,PONV发生率越高17。其机制可能为:①增加大脑皮质中层投射和延髓中多巴胺能神经元的活动;②激活阿片类受体;③引起中耳压力改变;④扩散至肠腔,导致肠腔内压力增加18。阿片类药物作为“平衡麻醉”的重要组成部分,其不良反应不容忽视,围术期使用阿片类药物会增加20% PONV发生率19。再者,麻醉持续时间和麻醉方式也与PONV密切相关。麻醉持续时间越长,PONV发生率越高20。对于麻醉方式而言,全身麻醉相较于区域麻醉,更容易导致PONV发生21。其他潜在危险因素,如术前禁食禁饮,导致低血容量可能会增加PONV风险,然而,术中补充足够的液体是否能预防PONV仍缺乏足够的证据1

不同手术类型PONV的发生率也不同。腹部手术、妇科手术、腹腔镜手术的PONV发生率较高,尤其是胆囊切除手术13,可能与二氧化碳气腹、腹膜牵拉或者特殊体位导致交感神经活性增强或迷走神经活性减弱有关22。与成人不同,儿童PONV高风险手术类型主要为扁桃体、腺样体切除和斜视修复术15

2 经皮穴位电刺激改善PONV的可能机制

2.1 激活脑-肠轴

脑-肠轴是大脑、肠道和肠道微生物群的双向信息交流系统,该系统对维持胃肠功能稳定具有重要作用。研究发现,穴位刺激可能通过调节脑肠肽水平,影响脑肠相互作用,从而改善胃肠功能23。广泛分布于胃肠和神经系统的脑肠肽(神经递质/激素)作为脑-肠轴的重要介质,参与脑肠相互作用,调节胃肠道功能24。研究发现,穴位电刺激可通过下调P物质和血管活性肠肽的表达,上调胃动素和胆囊收缩素的表达,改善大鼠胃肠功能25-26。然而,有关穴位电刺激通过脑-肠轴治疗胃肠道疾病的研究大多数来自动物研究,TEAS是否通过这一机制来调节患者术后胃肠功能,预防PONV的发生仍缺乏一定的证据。

2.2 调节自主神经功能

自主神经在调节胃肠运动发挥重要的作用,自主神经功能障碍往往会导致胃肠功能障碍27。外科手术可影响交感神经活性,促进去甲肾上腺素的分泌,抑制胃肠运动,导致术后胃肠功能障碍,主要表现为术后腹痛、腹胀、恶心和呕吐等28。研究发现,穴位电刺激对胃肠运动具有调节作用,当胃动力低下时,可通过增强迷走神经活动,促进胃蠕动;胃动力过度活跃时,可通过体感—孤束核—延髓吻侧腹外侧—交感传出通路抑制胃蠕动29。穴位电刺激可明显改善烧伤大鼠胃排空,且通过心率变异性的光谱分析观察到迷走神经活动在穴位电刺激后显著增加,而迷走神经切断后,烧伤大鼠的胃排空不受穴位电刺激影响,这表明穴位电刺激可能通过增加迷走神经活性,改善胃慢波节律性,促进胃排空,减少恶心呕吐的发生30

2.3 抗炎作用

肠道炎症反应的激活可能是术后胃肠功能障碍发病的另一机制。腹腔中手术操作常诱发与肠道外肌层肥大细胞和巨噬细胞触发的级联炎症反应,可激活肠系膜肥大细胞和激活巨噬细胞,触发炎症因子释放,一方面引起肠通透性增加;另一方面抑制肠道平滑肌收缩,诱发肠梗阻,从而导致恶心呕吐发生31。穴位刺激具有一定的抗炎作用,可通过抑制炎症介质产生,改善炎症相关性疾病32。因此穴位刺激就有可能通过降低炎症反应减少PONV的发生,穴位电刺激的抗炎作用可能机制包括:①抑制肠道局部炎症反应33;②激活迷走神经-肾上腺抗炎轴34

3 TEAS预防PONV的临床应用

研究发现,TEAS可降低妇科、神经外科、胸科、耳鼻喉、胃肠道、乳腺、甲状腺等手术PONV的发生率4。TEAS也常用于围术期PONV的高危人群中,降低PONV的发生率和严重程度,减少急救性止吐药的使用,改善术后胃肠功能,促进快速健康35

3.1 穴位选择

根据中医理论,手术可导致脏腑气血功能失调,手术过程中的诸多因素属外邪,可侵犯脾胃,使脾胃受损、运化失权、升降失调、胃气上逆,从而导致恶心呕吐的发生36。TEAS通过刺激与受损器官相关经络上的特定穴位,调节经络内的能量平衡,从而使器官功能恢复正常37。穴位选择和配伍是穴位刺激发挥疗效的重要影响因素。按照中医观点,穴位选择应遵循按部选穴和循经选穴的基本方法,遵循辨证选穴和对症选穴的基本原则,选取主治功效相同或相近的穴位进行配伍,发挥其协调作用,增强疗效38。研究发现,约有30种穴位刺激对防治PONV有效,常见的穴位有:内关(PC6)、合谷(LI4)、足三里(ST36)、天枢(ST25)、上巨虚(ST37)、三阴交(SP6)等39。目前,内关穴(PC6)是研究最多的穴位之一,是预防和治疗PONV的标准穴位40。穴位配伍是指将2种或2种以上穴位联合使用,以期获得更好的疗效。穴位的配伍常受手术部位、手术类型、穴位的特点、功效和临床实际的可操作性的影响。穴位组合方式不同,疗效也不同,通过观察不同穴位配伍的TEAS对腹腔镜手术患者PONV的疗效,结果发现,PC6+LI4+ST36和PC6+LI4+ST36+SP6这2种穴位配伍方式在预防PONV方面效果相当,且优于PC6+LI441。临床上预防PONV使用频率较高的穴位有PC6、LI4、ST36、SP6,但穴位选择的数量和量效关系,及具有共同作用靶点的穴位配伍时是否能够产生相加效应、具有不同作用靶点的穴位配伍时是否能够产生互补作用均有待进一步研究。

3.2 参数选择

TEAS的疗效与刺激参数(频率、波形和强度)相关。低频(2 Hz)电刺激促进脑啡肽和内啡肽的释放,高频(100 Hz)电刺激促进强啡肽的释放,而低频和高频交替刺激(2/100 Hz)可充分发挥两者的协同作用,对阿片肽的释放均有促进作用,而且2/100 Hz穴位电刺激更能降低围术期阿片类药物的使用剂量42。而PONV与阿片类药物的使用剂量密切相关,这可能是大多数研究选择2/100 Hz TEAS预防PONV的原因之一。波形也是影响穴位电刺激疗效的关键因素。常用的TEAS波形包括疏密波、连续波和间断波。疏密波是疏波和密波自动交替输出的一种波形,疏密波因其加快新陈代谢、改善血液循环及抗炎、抑制氧化应激、镇痛等作用,常用于促进术后康复43。除此之外,相较于连续波,更不容易产生耐受,这可能也是疏密波疗效更佳的原因之一44。TEAS的疗效还与电刺激的强度有关。刺激强度又取决于患者对电刺激敏感程度,在临床应用中,刺激强度通常是在“得气”的基础上,以患者最大耐受程度为准,电刺激强度可根据患者耐受程度设置为感觉阈值(产生感觉的最小刺激强度)的2~3倍45

3.3 干预时机

目前关于TEAS预防PONV的最佳干预时机仍存在争议。TEAS干预时机主要包括术前(麻醉诱导前30 min)、术后(术后1~3 d)和围术期(麻醉诱导前30 min+术后1~3 d)刺激。麻醉诱导前30 min、术后和围术期TEAS干预均可有效降低PONV发生率和术后疼痛评分,提高患者满意度和康复质量4。然而,有研究者提出,在催吐刺激前进行穴位电刺激治疗能更有效控制呕吐46。其可能的原因有:①在麻醉诱导前(暴露于挥发性麻醉剂、麻醉镇痛药或手术等催吐因素前)对目标穴位进行电刺激,可促进神经化学物质的释放,使大脑呕吐中枢脱敏,从而提高恶心呕吐的阈值并减少PONV47;②在清醒状态下,进行穴位电刺激,激活特定的中枢神经系统(Central nervous system, CNS)活动,CNS对电刺激的临床疗效具有调节作用,而在麻醉期间,电刺激产生的神经生理反应受到抑制,例如丙泊酚的使用可减弱或消除电刺激的效用,这可能是麻醉诱导后进行电刺激其止吐作用减弱或消失的原因之一48。尽管许多研究都证实了术前、术后或围术期TEAS干预对预防PONV的有效性2,但关于不同时机刺激的对照研究较少,未来需要更多的研究来寻求TEAS的最佳刺激时机。

4 小结与展望

术后恶心呕吐常受患者自身、麻醉相关和手术相关等多种因素的影响,虽然研究证实了TEAS在预防PONV方面的有效性,但现有临床研究多为单中心、小样本研究,未来仍需大规模的临床多中心研究,以提供更高的证据。另外,穴位刺激可能通过激活脑-肠轴,调节自主神经及抗炎等作用等减少PONV发生,但确切机制尚未明确。尽管穴位刺激治疗胃肠疾病的脑肠相互作用机制的动物研究取得了较大的进展,但相关临床研究较少。目前在穴位选择和刺激参数模式调节上已经基本有了确切的证据,但穴位具体配伍方法和最佳刺激时机尚无统一标准。因此,临床上需要进一步探索穴位刺激的脑肠相互作用机制,如穴位刺激影响哪些神经通路发挥作用,脑肠肽是否参与其中,穴位刺激对肠道微生物群是否具有调节作用等。另外,后续仍需要进一步研究穴位具体配伍方法和最佳刺激时机。

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