左侧乳腺癌根治术后大分割放疗的安全性及心脏及其亚结构剂量评估的研究

黄敏凤 ,  唐春波 ,  王祥财 ,  池俊 ,  谢瑞莲

赣南医科大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (08) : 750 -755.

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赣南医科大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (08) : 750 -755. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5779.2025.08.004
肿瘤学·基础与临床

左侧乳腺癌根治术后大分割放疗的安全性及心脏及其亚结构剂量评估的研究

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Study on the safety of large-segment radiotherapy after radical surgery for left breast cancer and the evaluation of heart and its substructure dose

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摘要

目的 探讨左侧乳腺癌患者根治术后行大分割放疗的安全性,评估大分割放疗对心脏及其亚结构剂量的影响。 方法 纳入2023年8月至2024年9月赣南医科大学第一附属医院肿瘤科收治的符合入组标准的20例左侧乳腺癌根治术后患者,按放疗方式分为大分割放疗(43.5 Gy/15次)组和常规分割放疗(50 Gy/25次)组,各10例。比较2组患者全心脏、左心房、左心室、冠状动脉左前降支、右心房、右心室、右冠状动脉的最小剂量(Dmin)、最大剂量(Dmax)、平均剂量(Dmean)以及受到5、10、30、40 Gy照射的相对体积分数V5 Gy、V10 Gy、V30 Gy、V40 Gy(左心房和右心房不记录相对体积分数)。比较2组患者健侧乳腺Dmean以及同侧肺Dmin、Dmax、Dmean、V5 Gy、V10 Gy、V20 Gy、V30 Gy、V40 Gy结果 与常规分割放疗组相比,大分割放疗组全心脏Dmax、左心室Dmax、Dmean、V5 Gy、V10 Gy以及冠状动脉左前降支V40 Gy均明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。大分割放疗组健侧乳腺Dmean高于常规分割放疗组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。大分割放疗组同侧肺Dmean、V20 Gy和V40 Gy均明显低于常规分割放疗组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);大分割放疗组同侧肺Dmin、Dmax、V5 Gy、V10 Gy及V30 Gy与常规分割放疗组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 大分割放疗与常规分割放疗相比,能降低心脏所受剂量,但无论哪种方法均需精确勾画心脏亚结构并进行单独的剂量限制,才可以更好地保护心脏。

Abstract

Objective : To explore the safety of patients undergoing large-segment radiotherapy after radical surgery of left breast cancer, and to evaluated the effect of hypofractionated radiotherapy on the dose to the heart and its substructures. Methods From August 2023 to September 2024, a total of 20 patients who met the inclusion criteria postmastectomy for left breast cancer were enrolled in the Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University. According to the radiotherapy method, they were divided into large-segment radiotherapy (43.5 Gy/15 times) group and conventional split radiotherapy (50 Gy/25 times) group, with 10 cases each. Comparison of the minimum dose (Dmin), maximum dose (Dmax), mean dose (Dmean) of the total heart, left atrium, left ventricle, left anterior descending coronary artery, right atrium, right ventricle, right coronary artery of the two groups of patients (Dmin), maximum dose (Dmax), average dose (Dmean), and relative volume fractions V5 Gy, V10 Gy, V30 Gy, V40 Gy (left atrium and right atrium did not record relative volume fractions). Comparison of Dmean in healthy breast and ipsilateral lung Dmin, Dmax, Dmean, V5 Gy, V10 Gy, V20 Gy, V30 Gy, V40 Gy in 2 groups of patients. Results Compared with the conventional segmented radiotherapy group, the Dmax in the whole heart, Dmax, Dmean, V5 Gy, V10 Gy in the left ventricle and V40 Gy in the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery were significantly reduced, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The Dmean in the healthy breasts of the large segmented radiotherapy group was higher than that in the conventional segmented radiotherapy group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The Dmean, V20 Gy and V40 Gy in the ipsilateral lungs of large segmented radiotherapy group were significantly lower than those in the conventional segmented radiotherapy group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05); There was no significant difference between the ipsilateral lung Dmin, Dmax, V5 Gy, V10 Gy and V30 Gy in the large segmented radiotherapy group compared with the conventional segmented radiotherapy group (P>0.05). Conclusion Hypofractionated radiotherapy can reduce the dose to the heart compared to conventional fractionated radiotherapy, but either of the methods requires precise outlining of cardiac substructures and individual dose limitation to better protect the heart.

关键词

乳腺癌 / 大分割放疗 / 心脏亚结构

Key words

Breast cancer / Hypofractionated radiotherapy / Heart substructures

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黄敏凤,唐春波,王祥财,池俊,谢瑞莲. 左侧乳腺癌根治术后大分割放疗的安全性及心脏及其亚结构剂量评估的研究[J]. 赣南医科大学学报, 2025, 45(08): 750-755 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-5779.2025.08.004

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据全球2022年癌症统计数据,女性乳腺癌是世界上第二常见的癌症,也是女性癌症死亡的主要原因1。乳腺癌根治术后放射治疗(简称放疗)被确立为乳腺癌的标准治疗方法2,目前指南3建议对于T3~4和/或腋窝淋巴结4枚及以上阳性的乳腺癌患者行术后辅助放疗,可以降低乳房切除术后乳腺癌的局部复发率、远处转移率和死亡率,延长患者的无病生存期和总生存期4-6。然而,放射性心脏损伤对乳腺癌患者的生活质量及生存年限影响极大,减轻乳腺癌患者的放射性心脏损伤至关重要。乳腺癌根治术后患者的传统治疗方法通常是常规分割放疗(在5周内分25次进行,每次2 Gy)。START试验研究报告了乳腺癌的α/β值约为4.0 Gy7-8,这使理论上乳腺癌对每分次较高剂量的辐射更加敏感。2008年,英国START A和START B研究证实大分割放疗与常规分割放疗对乳腺癌患者的疗效和安全性相当,且大分割放疗因为治疗时间更短、更方便且能降低治疗成本而受到广泛关注9。早期关于大分割放疗的研究发现其可能增加患者的放射性心脏损伤10。随着放疗技术的进步,一项15年随访研究显示大分割放疗和常规分割放疗治疗左侧早期乳腺癌,患者因心脏原因导致住院的发病率无差异11。本研究通过比较左侧乳腺癌患者根治术后采用常规分割放疗或大分割放疗的心脏及其亚结构的剂量学,评估大分割放疗对心脏及各亚结构的安全性,为大分割放疗的临床应用提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究对象

于2023年8月至2024年9月赣南医科大学第一附属医院肿瘤科收治的乳腺癌患者中选取20例左侧乳腺癌根治术后患者。纳入标准:患者18岁≤年龄<70岁;Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group(ECOG)评分0~1分;手术病理明确为乳腺癌;接受乳腺癌根治术+腋窝淋巴结清扫术和/或前哨淋巴结活检术,切缘阴性,无远处转移。按放疗方式分为大分割放疗(43.5 Gy/15次)组和常规分割放疗(50 Gy/25次)组,各10例。

1.2 放射治疗计划和技术

患者均使用VARIAN公司VitalBeam加速器进行治疗,Millennium 120 leaf MLC,6 MV X射线,600 MU·min-1剂量率。射野等中心均设在肿瘤靶区中心,包含7个乳腺切线方向的射野。采用AAA算法,2.5 mm剂量网格计算三维剂量。大分割放疗组:胸壁及锁骨上淋巴结放疗剂量43.5 Gy/15次,患者前9次放疗中使用组织补偿物(Bolus),生成一个治疗计划;后6次不使用Bolus,再次优化生成另一个治疗计划。常规分割放疗组:胸壁及锁骨上淋巴结放疗剂量50 Gy/25次,患者前15次放疗中使用Bolus,生成一个治疗计划;后10次不使用Bolus,再次优化生成另一个治疗计划。放疗在患者化疗、激素治疗或化疗联合靶向治疗后或术后4~8周开始。

所有患者均进行美国GE公司16排CT模拟机(型号discovery RT)扫描定位,仰卧位,采用乳腺托架(克莱瑞迪,中国),双手上举外展90°置于臂托上,臂托固定,治疗计划扫描层厚5 mm,间距5 mm,扫描范围从第二颈椎至第二腰椎(特殊要求:头偏健侧,包全双肺、乳腺皱褶下5 cm及瘢痕两端)。CT扫描定位完成后,图像传输至Varian Eclipse15.5计划系统(美国VARIAN公司)进行放疗计划制定。胸壁和锁骨上淋巴结靶区(CTV)按照美国肿瘤放射治疗协作组(Radiation therapy oncology group,RTOG)《乳腺癌放射治疗计划图集:共识定义》进行勾画,计划靶区(planning target volume,PTV)根据摆位误差和生理运动确定外放边界。由Manteia公司的AccuContour系统自动勾画心脏及其亚结构(左心房、左心室、冠状动脉左前降支、右心房、右心室、右冠状动脉)、健侧乳腺、同侧肺,并由肿瘤科医师和放疗科医师进行修改。危及器官的剂量限制基于NSABP B51/RTOG 1304协议和NCCN指南推荐12-13,剂量限制由治疗医师根据临床优先级酌情应用。

1.3 心脏及其亚结构、其他危及器官剂量-体积评估

记录患者全心脏、左心房、左心室、冠状动脉左前降支、右心房、右心室、右冠状动脉的最小剂量(Dmin)、最大剂量(Dmax)、平均剂量(Dmean)以及受到5、10、30、40 Gy照射的相对体积分数V5 Gy、V10 Gy、V30 Gy、V40 Gy(左心房和右心房不记录相对体积分数)。记录患者健侧乳腺的Dmean以及同侧肺Dmin、Dmax、Dmean、V5 Gy、V10 Gy、V20 Gy、V30 Gy、V40 Gy

1.4 统计学处理

数据使用SPSS 26.0软件进行分析。计量资料以MP25,P75)表示,采用秩和检验;计数资料以n(%)表示,采用Fisher精确检验。检验水准α=0.05。

2 结果

2.1 2组患者的一般情况比较

共纳入左侧乳腺癌根治术后患者20例,其中大分割放疗组10例,常规分割放疗组10例,中位年龄51.5(34~68)岁;患者分期为T1~4N0~3M0期,常规分割放疗组患者行新辅助化疗3例,行术后辅助化疗7例;大分割放疗组患者行新辅助化疗6例,行术后辅助化疗4例。见表1

2.2 2组患者心脏及其亚结构、其他危及器官剂量-体积参数比较

2.2.1 心脏及其亚结构剂量-体积参数比较

与常规分割放疗组相比,大分割放疗组全心脏Dmax、左心室Dmax、Dmean、V5 Gy、V10 Gy以及冠状动脉左前降支V40 Gy均明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2

2.2.2 其他危及器官剂量-体积参数比较

大分割放疗组健侧乳腺Dmean高于常规分割放疗组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。大分割放疗组同侧肺Dmean、V20 Gy和V40 Gy均明显低于常规分割放疗组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);大分割放疗组同侧肺Dmin、Dmax、V5 Gy、V10 Gy及V30 Gy与常规分割放疗组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2

3 讨论

一项大型、长期随访的随机对照研究表明,乳腺癌根治术后大分割放疗在乳腺癌患者中的疗效并不比常规分割放疗差,且毒性与常规分割放疗相似14。在多数大分割放疗研究中,关于正常器官或组织的研究似乎更关注于急性放射性皮肤反应或是晚期器官功能的受损15-17,对于心脏及其亚结构的剂量学研究较少。随着全球医疗水平的提高,乳腺癌综合治疗后患者的生存期显著延长,一些放疗导致的晚期并发症引起研究人员的兴趣,特别是放疗对心脏的损伤。乳腺癌患者放疗后10年罹患冠心病的风险开始增加,20年后心源性死亡的风险开始增加18,且冠心病及心源性死亡率的增加和放疗的剂量呈正相关,心脏照射剂量每增加1 Gy,主要冠状动脉事件发生率增加7.4%19-20。另一项研究也证实了乳腺癌患者术后放疗的全心脏平均剂量每增加1 Gy,心肌梗死率增加6.4%,全心脏平均照射剂量的减少可以改善乳腺癌患者生存期的心血管健康21。有研究22-23发现,无论是左侧乳腺癌还是右侧乳腺癌,全心脏的平均照射剂量并不能可靠地预测心脏亚结构的受照剂量,而且可能会低估剂量,并建议将左心室和冠状动脉左前降支作为独立的危及器官来精确放疗引起的心脏毒性研究。

乳腺癌患者放疗会随着剂量的增加而导致患心脏病的风险增加24。一项乳腺癌放疗的回顾性研究证明2014年后大分割放疗的心脏平均剂量值显著降低,并认为所有减少心脏剂量的方法都有可能减少长期不良反应25。在肺癌患者心脏剂量学参数研究中,心脏V5 Gy、V30 Gy与心源性死亡相关26。本研究关于剂量评价不仅有全心脏,还包括左心房、左心室、冠状动脉左前降支、右心房、右心室和右冠状动脉,结果发现,大分割放疗可以显著降低全心脏Dmax、左心室Dmax、Dmean、V5 Gy、V10 Gy以及冠状动脉左前降支V40 Gy,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);同样也降低了左心室Dmin、V30 Gy和冠状动脉左前降支Dmean、V5 Gy、V10 Gy、V30 Gy,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。高剂量照射冠状动脉左前降支引起冠状动脉狭窄导致缺血性心脏病是放射性心脏损伤的主要表现1827。本研究结果也显示,大分割放疗相对于常规分割放疗,可以更有效降低冠状动脉左前降支高剂量照射的体积,有望减少晚期冠心病及心源性死亡的发生率。考虑到左心室和冠状动脉左前降支的高暴露性22,本研究结果也支持将左心室和冠状动脉左前降支作为独立的危及器官限制剂量,以更好地保护放疗患者的心脏,改善患者晚期生活质量。

综上所述,乳腺癌患者根治术后的大分割放疗与常规分割放疗相比,能减轻放射性心肌损伤,但仅限制全心脏的照射剂量无法有效保护心脏,需要精确勾画心脏亚结构并进行单独的剂量限制才可以更好地保护心脏。另外,由于本研究为单中心小样本量的研究,具有一定的局限性,未来需要扩大样本量和增加与更多研究中心的合作来更精确地评估心脏亚结构的毒性。

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