生防菌防治棉花黄萎病的研究进展

朱玉涛 ,  薛冰怡 ,  王豫蓝 ,  朱秀 ,  廖春丽 ,  马培芳 ,  马爱锄 ,  王平 ,  王莲哲

山西农业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (01) : 29 -38.

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山西农业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (01) : 29 -38. DOI: 10.26942/j.cnki.issn.1002-2481.2026.01.04
专题:棉花生物育种与稳产提质

生防菌防治棉花黄萎病的研究进展

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Research Progress on Biocontrol Bacteria for Cotton Verticillium Wilt

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摘要

棉花黄萎病是一种由大丽轮枝菌引起的维管束真菌病害,可造成棉花产量和纤维品质降低,严重制约了棉花产业的绿色发展。棉花黄萎病具有发病率高、发病范围广、传播速度快和防治难度大的特点,主要传播途径有种子传播、植物病残体传播和土壤传播。目前,防治黄萎病的方法主要有农业防治、化学防治、生物防治和抗病品种选育。在国家积极实施减少化学药剂和绿色防控技术的大环境下,生物防治因具有污染小、安全性高、不易产生抗性和改良土壤环境等优势,成为防治棉花黄萎病的重要手段。生防菌不仅可以通过拮抗、竞争营养和生殖空间、分泌杀菌物质或降低致病性直接抑制大丽轮枝菌生长和侵染,还可以调控土壤根际微生物群落稳态、促进植株生长或提高植株免疫力,从而间接防治棉花黄萎病。为了为黄萎病生防菌剂研发和绿色高效防治棉花黄萎病提供参考,文章从细菌、真菌、放线菌、无毒/弱毒菌株和真菌病毒等5类生防菌综述棉花黄萎病生防菌研究进展,并对棉花黄萎病生防菌防治进行展望。

Abstract

Cotton Verticillium wilt is a vascular fungal disease caused by Verticillium dahliae that reduces cotton yield and fiber quality and seriously restricts the green development of the cotton industry. Cotton Verticillium wilt is characterised by high incidence, wide distribution, rapid spread, and difficulty in prevention and control. The main modes of transmission include seed dispersal, plant disease residue dispersal, and soil dispersal. Current methods of controlling Verticillium wilt mainly include agricultural control, chemical control, biological control, and selection of disease-resistant varieties. In an environment where the country is actively implementing the reduction of chemical agents and green prevention and control technologies, biological control has become an important means to prevent and control Verticillium wilt in cotton due to its advantages of less pollution, high safety, less resistance to the disease, and improvement of the soil environment. Biocontrol bacteria can not only directly inhibit the growth and infection of Verticillium dahliae through antagonism, competition for nutrients and reproductive space, secretion of bactericidal substances or reduction of pathogenicity, but can also regulate the homeostasis of soil rhizosphere microbial communities, promote plant growth or enhance plant immunity, thereby indirectly preventing and controlling Verticillium wilt in cotton. In this article, the progress of research on cotton Verticillium wilt biocontrol bacteria from five aspects: bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, avirulent/weakly toxic strains and mycoviruses was reviewed, and outlook on future development trends in the control of cotton Verticillium wilt biocontrol bacteria was conducted to provide a theoretical reference for the development of Verticillium wilt biocontrol fungicides and for the environmentally friendly and efficient control of Verticillium wilt in cotton.

Graphical abstract

关键词

棉花黄萎病 / 生防菌 / 生物防治 / 抗病性

Key words

cotton Verticillium wilt / biocontrol bacteria / biological control / disease resistance

引用本文

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朱玉涛,薛冰怡,王豫蓝,朱秀,廖春丽,马培芳,马爱锄,王平,王莲哲. 生防菌防治棉花黄萎病的研究进展[J]. 山西农业科学, 2026, 54(01): 29-38 DOI:10.26942/j.cnki.issn.1002-2481.2026.01.04

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棉花(Gossypium spp.)是世界上广泛种植的纤维作物,也是食用油和饲料的来源之一[1]。棉花黄萎病是经土壤、种子或病残体传播的世界性真菌病害,具有发病率高、发病范围广、流行性强、防治难度大和危害严重的特点,被称为棉花的“癌症”[2]。棉花黄萎病造成棉花叶片和棉铃脱落,纤维产量减少40%~60%,纤维长度和马克隆值降低,严重影响棉花产业的高产、稳产和优产[3]。在我国引起棉花黄萎病的病原菌主要是大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae Kleb.),其休眠体结构微菌核可以在土壤中存活10 a以上[4]。影响棉花黄萎病发病的因素很多,如土壤中病原菌的数量和病株残留量、光周期、光照强度、温度、湿度、灌溉方法、栽培技术和品种抗病性等[5]。当环境条件适宜时,V. dahliae的微菌核或分生孢子萌发成菌丝,通过棉花根毛、根尖或伤口处侵染,侵入维管束后系统扩散侵染全株。V. dahliae侵入维管束后,大量菌丝体会堵塞维管束,干扰水分和养分的正常运输,导致棉花叶子枯萎变黄。此外,V. dahliae产生的致病毒素作用于细胞壁、质膜、微丝和微管等细胞成分,破坏棉花细胞活性,干扰棉花正常代谢过程和生长发育[6]
棉花黄萎病的防治策略有农业防治、化学防治、生物防治和抗病品种选育。农业防治策略包括种子和种苗检疫、土壤消毒、病残体清理和倒茬轮作间作等,但棉花黄萎病菌具有寄主范围广、生存能力强、传播方式多样和遗传方向多变的特点,使得农业防治策略成本高和防治效果差。抗病品种选育是防治棉花黄萎病的重要策略,由于缺乏抗病种质资源和有效抗病基因以及抗病品种选育周期长,抗病品种选育防治棉花黄萎病的研究进展相对缓慢[7]。化学防治在一定程度上可以减轻棉花黄萎病的危害,然而大量化学药剂的使用会带来环境污染、黄萎病菌产生耐药性和杀死有益微生物等问题[8]。在国家积极实施减少化学药剂和绿色防控技术的大环境下,以生防菌为主的生物防治因具有污染小、安全性高、不易产生抗性、可改善土壤环境和易与其他防治措施综合使用等优势日益受到人们重视[9]。因此,笔者从5类生防菌(细菌、真菌、放线菌、无毒/弱毒菌株和真菌病毒)详细综述棉花黄萎病生防菌防治的研究进展,同时对生防菌防治进行展望,以期为黄萎病生防菌剂研发和绿色高效防治棉花黄萎病提供参考。

1 生防菌的作用

生防菌防治植物病害的作用机制比较复杂,直接作用机制有拮抗作用、竞争作用和减毒作用,间接作用机制有促生作用和诱抗作用(图1)。

拮抗作用:生防菌可能与V. dahliae存在拮抗关系,其代谢产物如抗生素、磷脂类化合物、挥发性有机化合物和杀菌蛋白质等对V. dahliae的能量代谢、细胞壁完整性和生物膜通透性等产生影响,抑制V. dahliae的生长繁殖或将其杀死[10]。竞争作用:生防菌可以与V. dahliae竞争生态空间、营养物质和水分等,在棉花根部繁殖定殖,减少病原菌对根部的侵染。减毒作用:真菌病毒类生防菌可以通过减弱病原菌的致病性起到减毒作用,从而防治植物病害。此外,生防菌还可以调节微生物菌群或产生类植物激素和抗性诱导因子,改善土壤环境,促进棉株生长和免疫能力提升[11]

2 防治棉花黄萎病的生防菌种类及作用机制

目前,研究较多的棉花黄萎病生防菌主要有细菌、真菌、放线菌、无毒/弱毒菌株和真菌病毒5类(表1),其中分离鉴定出的生防细菌种类最多。

2.1 细菌

生防细菌具有种类多、易分离、生长繁殖快、适应性强和产生次生代谢物种类多的特点。细菌不仅可以分泌抗菌蛋白、抗菌素和抑菌化合物,抑制病原菌的生长发育,还可以激活棉花免疫应答反应和促进棉花生长。根据种属分类,防治棉花黄萎病的拮抗细菌主要有芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)、伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia sp.)、棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium sp.)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)和黄单胞杆菌属(Xanthomonas sp.)。根据生防细菌来源主要分为根际细菌和内生细菌。

目前,研究者们已经从土壤中分离出了多种用来防治黄萎病的根际细菌。TAO等[16]室内盆栽试验表明,防御假单胞菌XY2F4和东湖假单胞菌22G5对棉花黄萎病的防治效果分别为38.73%和45.02%。进一步研究表明,防御假单胞菌XY2F4和东湖假单胞菌22G5可以分泌抑菌物质7-羟基托酚酮,从而抑制V. dahliae菌株V991对棉花的侵染。恶臭假单胞菌HB3S-20对棉花黄萎病的室内防治效果达60%,生防机制研究表明,HB3S-20可以提高棉花中植物防御相关酶SOD和POD的活性[19]。枯草芽孢杆菌NCD-2可以分泌surfactin和fengycin等脂肽类抑菌物质抑制V. dahliae孢子萌发和菌丝生长,对棉花黄萎病的室内盆栽防治效果达69.04%[23]。此外,枯草芽孢杆菌BSJ15分泌的脂肽类化合物可以破坏大丽轮枝菌的细胞结构,阻断细胞周期、扰乱物质和能量代谢,对大丽轮枝菌具有良好的抑制效果[64]。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌EBV02可以抑制V. dahliae孢子形成和微菌核萌发,同时诱导棉花系统抗性,以抵御V. dahliae入侵[37],其对棉花黄萎病的室内盆栽防治效果达68.33%,大田防治效果达37.25%。此外,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌BvZ45-1中的草酸脱羧酶可以降低孢子产量、破坏菌丝和改变孢子形态,从而抑制V. dahliae生长,在温室和田间条件下对黄萎病表现出超过46%的生物防治功效[38]。普城沙雷氏菌KRS006可以分泌几丁质酶、脂肪酶、蛋白酶和挥发性物质(二甲基二硫醚和二甲基三硫),破坏大丽轮枝菌的菌丝,直接抑制大丽轮枝菌的生长。同时KRS006菌液还可以激活棉花中PPO、POD、CAT和PAL等防御相关酶活,显著降低棉花黄萎病的发病率和病情指数,生防效果达92.07%[39]。潘雯等[42]筛选的4株土壤黏细菌对Vd991菌丝具有有效的捕食作用,且对孢子萌发具有明显的抑制效果。利用4种黏细菌固体菌剂处理土壤后,能够显著降低棉花黄萎病的发病率和病情指数,温室条件下盆栽防治效果均在55%以上。

相对于根际细菌,内生细菌定殖在植物体内,不易受外界环境的影响,是抗菌物质和营养物质的丰富来源。内生细菌广泛参与植物固氮、溶解磷酸盐、激素合成、有毒化合物降解和抑制病原菌。萎缩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus)是分离自乌拉尔甘草的内生细菌,可以产生至少13种酯类抗菌化合物,对黄萎病的室内防治效果达57%[13]。ZHANG等[27]从抗病棉花新海15号中分离出枯草芽孢杆菌T6,其盆栽防治效果达92.55%,研究表明,T6通过产生挥发性化合物在非接触条件下抑制V. dahliae孢子萌发和菌丝生长。高地芽孢杆菌KRS010不仅可以促进植物生长和诱导棉花系统抗性,其细胞外代谢物和挥发性有机化合物还可以抑制V. dahliae的黑色素生物合成[33],对棉花黄萎病的室内盆栽防治效果达93.59%[33]。当植物受到真菌入侵时,植物会招募有益微生物来抵抗病原菌的侵染。ZENG等[15]研究表明,内生假单胞菌处理棉花种子可以改变棉花内生菌群组成和提高有益微生物群种类,从而增强棉花对V. dahliae的抗病性,室内盆栽防治效果达77.22%。抗病棉花种子含有丰富的芽孢杆菌属细菌,这些内生细菌形成的微生物群落可以优先占据棉花组织的生态位,阻止病原菌侵染。将芽孢杆菌属合成菌群接种于感病棉花品种,可以显著提高感病棉花的抗病性,室内盆栽防治效果达66.17%[31]

2.2 真菌

目前,已分离用于防治棉花黄萎病的真菌种类明显少于细菌种类,主要有木霉(Trichodermo sp.)、黄色蠕形霉(Talaromyces flavus)、镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)、匐柄霉(Stemphylium sp.)、粘帚霉(Gliocladium sp.)、曲霉(Aspergillus sp.)、球毛壳菌(Chaetomium globosum)和丛枝菌根菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal)等[65]。生防真菌防治黄萎病的机制主要是重寄生、抑制病原菌、竞争营养和空间、产生细胞壁降解酶和诱导植物抗性等,而且多种作用机制之间往往存在协同作用。

LI等[66]评估了80种内生真菌对高毒力V. dahliae菌株Vd080的体外抑制活性,39种内生真菌对病原菌表现出不同程度的抑菌作用,其中,CEF-818(Penicillium simplicissimum)、CEF-325(Fusarium solani)、CEF-714(Leptosphaeria sp.)和CEF-642(Talaromyces flavus)产生的非挥发性物质可以完全抑制V. dahliae的生长。腐皮镰孢菌(Fusarium solani)CEF-559和CEF-373可以分泌挥发性和非挥发性代谢产物,抑制大丽轮枝菌的菌丝生长,同时诱导棉花叶片活性氧暴发、胼胝质积累和防御途径相关基因表达上调,对棉花黄萎病的室内盆栽防治效果分别为79.38%和62.74%,田间防治效果分别为65.47%和36.23%[46-48]。张向月等[49]对枝顶孢霉菌CEF-193防治棉花黄萎病的效果进行了温室和大田试验,结果表明,CEF-193固体菌剂、发酵液喷雾和灌根均可显著减轻黄萎病发病,其中固体菌剂处理对黄萎病的防治效果最好,温室防治效果达到52.7%,大田防治效果达到33.7%。JIN等[50]从健康棉花中分离出5株对黄萎病抑制效果高于50%的内生真菌,其中,层出镰刀菌10R-7主要定植于棉花主根,可以分泌镰刀菌酸,抑制V. dahliae菌丝生长,对棉花黄萎病的温室防治效果达70.8%。球毛壳菌CEF082不仅可以增强棉花植株激素信号响应、MAPK信号通路和苯丙烷素类化合物生物合成,其代谢物毛壳毒素A还可以导致V. dahliae细胞坏死、菌丝变形和微菌核萌发减少[52]

2.3 放线菌

放线菌可以产生活性强和抑菌范围广的抗生素,对土传植物病害的防治有先天性优势,而且具有适应能力强和防病效果稳定等优点。目前,已分离的防治棉花黄萎病的放线菌主要是链霉菌属(Streptomyces sp.),作用机制主要是产生抗生素和促进棉花生长等。王春艳[57]用菌剂量5%的放线菌LG-9拌土培育棉花幼苗,对黄萎病的防治效果达100%,而且对棉花幼苗的茎粗、株高和叶片数均有促进作用。CHEN等[61]研究了球孢链霉菌Act7和Act28种衣制剂对盆栽棉花黄萎病的防治效果,结果表明,球孢链霉菌种衣制剂可以显著促进棉花生长,提高根系活力,对棉花黄萎病的室内盆栽防治效果均为66.7%。CALVO-PENA等[58]研究表明,链霉菌OR6可以分泌抑制分生孢子萌发的大环内酯类抗生素Albocycline,进而提高棉花对大丽轮枝菌的抗性。WANG等[59]从链霉菌TRM15522分离出天然蒽酮型抗菌物质Oxanthromicin,它可以破坏真菌细胞膜并引起线粒体膜电位变化,从而抑制V. dahliae孢子萌发和菌丝体生长。宋东博等[60]利用30 mg/L的链霉菌KF-43-1菌液作为种衣剂对辽棉18和新海13棉花拌种,对棉花黄萎病的田间防治效果分别为63.49%和51.95%。

2.4 无毒或弱毒菌株

利用无毒或弱毒菌株感染植物诱导系统抗性也是防治黄萎病的重要方法。吴洵耻等[67]研究表明,非致病或弱致病性尖孢镰刀菌可以诱导棉花根部抑菌化合物类萜烯醛类含量增加,抑制分生孢子的萌发,从而增强棉花对黄萎病的抗病性。ZHU等[68]从棉花中分离出非致病性V. dahliae菌株CVd-WHw和变黑轮枝菌(Gibellulopsis nigrescens)CVn-WHg,在接种中高毒性V. dahliae菌株前4 d用CVd-WHw或CVn-WHg处理棉花可显著降低黄萎病发病率。VAGELAS等[53]研究也证明,G. nigrescens对由V. dahliae引起的棉花黄萎病具有交叉保护作用。进一步研究表明,G. nigrescens处理能增强棉花植株激素信号、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号、木质素合成和系统获得性抗性等多重防御反应[54]。此外,用蘸根法接种V. dahliae弱致病力菌株Vd171可以有效防治由V. dahliae强致病力菌株Vd080引起的黄萎病。有研究表明[51],Vd171能阻止Vd080在棉花根部定殖和植株内扩散,并提高棉花防御相关酶的活性和防御相关基因表达。目前,利用无毒或弱毒菌株提高棉花黄萎病抗性的研究已取得一定进展。但无毒或弱毒菌株在环境中存在变为强致病系的潜在危险, 且无毒或弱毒菌株本身可能对其他作物具有强致病性。因此,选择安全有效的菌株作为抗性诱导子尤为重要。

2.5 真菌病毒的作用机制

真菌病毒(mycovirus)也称为噬真菌体(mycophages),是一类以丝状真菌、酵母和卵菌为寄主的病毒,被侵染的真菌无明显外部症状。部分被侵染真菌毒力衰退和生长发育异常,对植物的致病性明显减弱,从而可用于植物病害的生物防治[69-70]。真菌病毒主要通过抑制寄主真菌生长发育相关基因表达、RNA沉默、细胞信号通路和次生代谢产物生物合成途径来减弱真菌的致病性[70]。此外,部分真菌病毒侵染植物病原菌后可以将其转化为有益的植物内生真菌,从而增强植物对病害的免疫力[71]。冯自力[62]从黄萎病菌弱毒菌株Vd08284中分离出双分病毒VdPV1,VdPV1能在不同菌株间传播,被侵染的黄萎病菌株T692的致病力、菌丝生长速率和粗毒素分泌量明显下降。王晋伟[63]研究表明,大丽轮枝菌的致病性与其携带的病毒种类和数量有一定的相关性,弱致病力菌株所携带的病毒种类及数量要明显高于强致病力菌株,证实病毒可以减弱宿主大丽轮枝菌的致病性。这些研究表明,真菌病毒有望为棉花黄萎病的生物防治提供新的生防菌资源,未来仍需大量挖掘真菌病毒资源和开发基于真菌病毒的生防产品。

3 生防菌防治棉花黄萎病在生产中存在的问题

近年来,生防菌因具有安全性高、污染小、不易产生耐药性和符合现代绿色农业发展需求等优势,在植物病害防治中的应用受到越来越多的关注[72]。人们不仅筛选出了许多高效的生防菌菌种,还在菌剂研发及大田应用方面积累了宝贵的经验。截至2025年1月19日,在中国农药信息网(http://www.chinapesticide.org.cn/zwb/dataCenter)共检索到杀菌剂登记产品总数为12 357个,其中,微生物农药登记产品186个,占比1.5%,主要生防菌类型有芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)、木霉属(Trichodermo sp.)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。其中以黄萎病为防治对象的微生物农药产品有11个,主要是枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂。此外,利用地衣芽孢杆菌、荧光假单胞菌、哈茨木霉菌和链霉菌改良研制的生防菌剂产品也常用于棉花黄萎病的防治[73]

然而,利用生防菌防治棉花黄萎病的研究及应用依旧存在诸多问题。首先,针对棉花黄萎病的生防菌登记产品数量偏少,且大多数生防菌产品以单一菌种为主。大部分生防菌在实验室环境下对黄萎病的防治效果较好,但在大田中防治效果较差或不稳定,这导致棉花黄萎病生防菌剂的商业化率低,大批量推广和应用的棉花黄萎病生防菌剂较少。究其原因是大田防治过程中受土壤条件、环境变化、微生物种群数量和种类的影响,生防菌的存活率、宿主定殖能力和抑菌活性可能受到影响,需进行多年多点的田间防治效果试验,才可以获得更准确可靠的生防数据[74-75]。现有防治黄萎病的生防菌产品均为可湿性粉剂,菌剂类型比较单一,也极大限制了生防菌产品在不同环境的使用。而且生防菌剂的生产工艺、配方、运输和储存条件也会影响防治效果的稳定性和持久性[76]。再加上田间试验的成本高,部分实验室筛选的生防菌无法高效地用于田间试验研究和推广应用。

此外,生防菌防治以预防为主,有效使用时机为黄萎病未发病和发病初期,对于发病较重的地块防治效果通常不理想。因此,还应结合田间实际发病情况,将生物防治与田间管理和化学防治等手段相结合,以达到最佳防治效果。目前,生防菌对棉花黄萎病的防治机制尚未完全揭示,部分生防菌的防治机制比较单一,导致生防菌的应用范围受限。同时生防菌对环境安全的风险评估依旧缺乏,盲目大量引入单种生防菌可能会打破土壤固有的微生态平衡[77]。短期内生防菌的使用可能显著降低黄萎病的危害,但其长期存在可能会改变土壤微生态平衡和生物多样性,从而暴发新病害。而且生防菌次生代谢产物的积累也可能影响其他作物生长。因此,用生防菌防治黄萎病时应考虑经济效益、生态效益和社会效益,科学合理使用,以避免对环境和其他作物造成新威胁[78]

4 展望

棉花是重要的纤维作物,在我国经济社会中占有重要地位。棉花黄萎病是一种威胁棉花生长的土传真菌病害,严重影响棉花纤维的产量和品质。生防菌及其活性代谢产物的开发利用,为棉花黄萎病防治提供了绿色环保的方法。棉花黄萎病生防菌主要包括细菌、真菌、放线菌、无毒/弱毒菌株和真菌病毒,作用机制主要有拮抗作用、竞争作用、减毒作用、促生作用和诱抗作用。在绿色可持续生态农业发展的背景下,利用对环境友好的生防菌防治棉花黄萎病成为目前研究的热点。但棉花黄萎病生防菌的研究存在大田防治效果差、产品商业化率低、作用机制不明确和缺失环境安全评估等缺点。今后应重点关注以下方面。

第一,进一步发掘和分离高效稳定、具有广谱抗性的生防菌,积极开展大田试验验证黄萎病防治效果,加快推进生防菌在实际生产中的应用与推广。第二,加强生防菌剂剂型研发工作,创制种衣剂、颗粒剂、可湿性粉剂、水分散粒剂及生物有机肥等菌剂,以提高药效和稳定性,并满足市场多样化需求[79]。第三,结合基因组学、转录组学、代谢组学和蛋白质组学等分析方法,揭示生防菌与棉花、大丽轮枝菌和其他微生物间的关联性,深入研究多种微生物菌群协同增效的机制,进而组建高效稳定的生态复合菌剂[80],也可以采用基因工程手段减少生防菌对非靶标植物和微生物的危害。第四,从分类学、生物学和生态学等角度评估生防菌对环境安全的风险,使用生防菌防治黄萎病时应综合考虑经济效益、生态效益和社会效益,严格控制生防菌的种类和使用量,可以考虑使用复合菌剂,以避免对环境和其他作物造成新威胁[81]。第五,加强对黄萎病的预防监测,根据实际发病程度轻重将生物防治与其他防治方法结合,取长补短,相互协调,建立绿色高效、快速见效和持续有效的综合防治体系。

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基金资助

河南省科技攻关项目(242102311202)

河南城建学院博士科研启动基金(K-Q2023018)

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