纳米技术在肿瘤诊断与靶向治疗中的应用研究进展

Progress on the application of nanotechnology in tumor diagnosis and targeted therapy

摘要

恶性肿瘤的早期筛查与精准治疗是降低死亡率的关键。纳米技术因其可调控物理化学性质与生物相容性,在肿瘤诊疗领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。本文系统综述了纳米技术的创新应用,重点分析其在肿瘤筛查与靶向治疗两方面的进展。在肿瘤筛查方面,纳米探针显著提升了循环肿瘤细胞、外泌体及肿瘤标志物检测的灵敏度与特异性,推动了多模态成像与液体活检技术的发展;在靶向治疗方面,纳米载体通过被动靶向或主动靶向策略实现药物的精准递送,而智能响应型系统则进一步促进了诊疗一体化的发展。本文分析了该技术在临床转化中面临的安全性、标准化生产等挑战,并展望了其与人工智能、免疫治疗等前沿领域融合的未来发展方向。

Abstract

Early screening and precise treatment of malignant tumors are critical for reducing mortality rates. Nanotechnology, owing to its tunable physicochemical properties and biocompatibility, has shown significant potential in the field of tumor diagnosis and therapy. This review systematically summarizes the innovative applications of nanotechnology, with a focus on its advancements in two key areas: tumor screening and targeted therapy. In terms of tumor screening, nanoprobes have markedly enhanced the sensitivity and specificity of detecting circulating tumor cells, exosomes, and tumor biomarkers, thereby promoting the development of multimodal imaging and liquid biopsy. In the realm of targeted therapy, nanocarriers achieve precise drug delivery via passive or active targeting strategies, while intelligent responsive systems further promote the development of theranostic integration. This review also analyzes existing challenges in clinical translation, including safety and standardized manufacturing, and provides perspectives on future directions involving the integration of nanotechnology with cutting-edge fields such as artificial intelligence and immunotherapy.

关键词

纳米技术 / 肿瘤筛查 / 靶向治疗 / 诊疗一体化

Key words

nanotechnology / tumor screening / targeted therapy / theranostic

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