Differential steering based on tire cornering suited low-speed, large steering radius scenarios of distributed drive electric vehicles(DDEV) without steering mechanisms. In order to study the mechanism of differential steering based on tire cornering, a 7-degree-of-freedom DDEV dynamic model with no steering mechanism and PAC2002 tire model were established. Then, the formation mechanism of differential steering was analyzed and a systematic analysis method from the input of differential longitudinal force to the output of vehicle steering radius of differential steering was proposed by considering the tire force longitudinal-lateral-coupling characteristics. Leveraging the proposed systematic analysis method, the stability of differential steering and the influences of differential longitudinal force, vehicle parameters and tire characteristics on steering radius were studied. Finally, a Carsim/Simulink joint simulation platform was established to simulate differential steering under different influencing factors. The results show that within the range of tire cornering, the larger the differential longitudinal force, the larger the ratio of track width to wheelbase, and the smaller the tire lateral stiffness, the smaller the steering radius.
能源危机和环境污染使得大力发展电动汽车(electric vehicle,EV)成为全球趋势[1]。作为电动汽车的一个分支,分布式驱动电动汽车(distributed drive electric vehicle, DDEV)具有传动效率高、安装方式灵活等优点,更重要的是,其四轮扭矩独立可控,可以实现差动转向、原地转向等传统汽车难以实现的控制方式[2]。
差动转向通过主动对左右两侧车轮施加差动扭矩来增强汽车转向效果。目前关于差动转向的研究可分为两大类:一类是针对有转向机构的汽车,由于主销偏移距的存在,对转向轮施加的差动扭矩能够产生转向助力效果,可替代转向助力电机,减小驾驶员转向手力[3],或者由差动扭矩作为唯一动力源控制前轮转角,用于自动驾驶汽车(autonomous vehicle,AV)[4]以及作为线控转向系统(steer by wire,SBW)的备份[5];另一类是针对无转向机构的车辆,利用差动扭矩所产生的整车附加横摆力矩使轮胎或履带发生侧滑,产生转向效果,其特点是转向半径可以控制到很小甚至原地转向(也有文献称为中心转向),广泛用于机器人和特种车辆的控制[6-8]。然而,这种基于轮胎侧滑的差动转向对动力系统的能力及控制精度要求较高且轮胎或履带磨损剧烈。
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