A data allocation method that accommodated the heterogeneous on-site data collection capabilities of aluminum casting enterprises was proposed, enabling fine-grained carbon emission accounting at the single aluminum casting level, differentiated by product, model, and batch, without requiring additional investment in data collection infrastructure. According to the granularity and interval of carbon emission-related production data, enterprise data acquisition capabilities were categorized into three levels, and corresponding allocation strategies were developed for each level to derive fine-grained energy and material activity levels for individual aluminum castings. Product carbon emissions were calculated using the emission factor method, and a correction mechanism was established to incorporate the effects of internal scrap recycling and external scrap sales. A case study on aluminum wheel production was conducted to validate the proposed method. The results demonstrate that the method effectively overcomes the bias induced by the constant operating condition assumption inherent in traditional literature-based approaches, thereby improving the accuracy of carbon accounting results.
首先,分别基于文献中行业调研获得的典型熔炼过程输入输出数据,以及采用本文所提方法对企业现场采集数据进行分配,获得两种车轮型号C001与C002熔炼过程碳排放相关生产数据(表3)。采用排放因子法计算两种车轮型号在熔炼单元中生产1 kg纯净铝液所产生的碳排放,其结果如图3所示。从碳排放结果可以看出,在参考传统文献调研数据的方法中,C001与C002两种型号熔炼产出1 kg纯净铝液的碳排放结果(C001-1与C002-1)完全一致,均约为0.661 kg CO₂-eq,此结果无法反映两种型号在熔炼配料方案上的实际差异。相比之下,所提分配方法能够根据实际熔炼工况差异,对不同产品型号的碳排放水平进行更合理的区分。其中,允许使用回炉料的C001单位碳排放(C001-2)约为0.752 kg CO₂-eq,而不使用回炉料的C002单位碳排放(C002-2)约为0.885 kg CO₂-eq,二者差异约为0.133 kg CO₂-eq,占C001的约17.8%。进一步分析分项碳排放构成可知,两种型号碳排放差异主要来源于原料相关碳排放项。由于C002完全采用原铝,其原铝材料碳排放贡献显著高于C001;而C001通过掺配回炉铝,在一定程度上降低了原铝消耗量,从而有效降低了材料端碳排放水平。同时,从数据对比可发现,企业实际生产中烧损与铝渣比例高于文献调研数据,该情况可能导致单位纯净铝液生产过程中原铝补充需求增加,从而进一步提高材料相关碳排放贡献。相比材料相关碳排放项,两种型号在能源消耗相关碳排放项(电力、天然气及氮气)方面差异相对较小,各能源项排放贡献水平总体接近。在参考文献调研数据情形下,天然气分项碳排放贡献略高于企业现场数据。该差异主要源于单位铝液天然气消耗强度存在差异。文献调研数据通常反映行业典型生产水平,其燃气消耗统计范围可能包含保温、待机及工况波动等综合燃气消耗,从而表现出较高的单位燃气消耗强度。相比之下,本研究企业在多炉并行生产条件下运行负荷相对稳定,单位产品燃气利用效率较高,因此天然气分项碳排放贡献略低于文献调研结果。综合来看,材料消耗差异是导致不同型号产品碳排放差异的主导因素,而能源消耗差异相对有限,从而验证了所提方法能够在 L2 数据条件下有效区分不同炉料结构对单位(中间)产品碳排放的影响。
其次,以C001为例,对其在不同生产批次的熔炼单元产出单位中间产品的碳排放结果进行对比分析。表4给出了采用本文所提方法获取的C001型号产品在两个不同生产批次(C001-2-B1与C001-2-B2)下的炉料结构、能耗及产量等关键碳排放相关生产数据。利用排放因子法,计算得到C001在两个生产批次中熔炼产出1kg纯净铝液的碳排放结果分别为0.752 kg CO₂-eq和0.806 kg CO₂-eq。结果表明,在纯净铝液产量基本一致的情况下,C001-2-B2批次熔炼产出1 kg纯净铝液的碳排放较C001-2-B1批次提高约7.09%。结合表4中的碳排放相关生产数据可以看出,与C001-2-B1相比,C001-2-B2在熔炼过程中电力、天然气等能源消耗水平均有所增加,同时烧损与铝渣产出量明显提高,导致有效纯净铝液产出率下降。在纯净铝液产量基本一致的情况下,更高的能源投入与更大的物料损失共同推高了单位中间产品的碳排放强度。
然后,引入废料外售修正机制对不同生产批次的碳排放结果进行修正。本文设定铝渣外售价格为4500元/吨,该数值基于行业内对高品质铝白渣的平均回收定价;参考当前全国碳排放权交易市场的碳配额价格,设定碳价为90元/吨。修正前后结果对比表明,两批次在引入修正机制后单位产品碳排放水平均有所下降。其中C001-2-B1批次熔炼产出1kg纯净铝液的碳排放由0.754 kg -eq降至0.752 kg -eq,降幅约为0.35%;C001-2-B2批次则由0.809 kg -eq降至0.806 kg -eq,降幅约为0.37%。相比之下,回炉料比例较高的C001-2-B2批次在修正前后的绝对降幅和相对降幅均略高于C001-2-B1批次,且废料外售修正机制对高回炉料工况下的碳排放结果影响更为明显。这说明所引入的修正机制能够对碳排放结果进行校正,从而避免对碳排放水平的系统性高估。
除此之外,由于碳排放因子可来源于不同国家或地区发布的温室气体核算指南、生命周期数据库及文献资料,其取值受统计口径、时间区间、技术水平及区域能源结构等因素影响,客观上存在一定不确定性,特别是在材料生产与电力生产等环节,不同数据库或不同年份给出的排放因子数值可能存在明显差异,因此,有必要分析排放因子不确定性对碳排放核算结果的影响程度。本文以C001-2-B1批次为例,对熔炼阶段生产1 kg纯净铝液的碳排放结果开展排放因子敏感性分析。本研究中,电力生产与天然气燃烧的碳排放因子来源于中国官方温室气体排放因子数据库,其他因子则参考国际通用的Ecoinvent生命周期数据库进行补充确定。在保持熔炼阶段各类能源与材料活动水平不变的前提下,对主要能源与材料碳排放因子分别施加±10%、±20%的扰动,其余参数保持不变,分析对C001-2-B1批次熔炼产出1kg纯净铝液碳排放结果的影响,如图4所示。从图4中可以发现,原铝生产碳排放因子对C001-2-B1批次熔炼产出1kg纯净铝液碳排放结果具有最高敏感性,其取值发生+20%波动时,碳排放将由约0.575 kg -eq增至0.690 kg -eq。相比之下,天然气碳排放因子表现出中等程度的敏感性,而电力生产与回收铝生产碳排放因子的敏感性较低。铝铸件生产企业应优先关注原铝生产和天然气生产碳排放因子选取的适配性,以降低产品级碳排放核算结果的不确定性。
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