To address the problems of high labor intensity, high operational risk, and low operational efficiency in manual disc cutter changing during shield tunneling machine construction, a changing operation plan using robot instead of humans was proposed. A new type of tool system suitable for robot operation and a high-power density redundant degree of freedom robot mechanisms were designed.The D-H parameter method was used for kinematic modeling, the robot pose calculation was achieved. The rapidly-exploring random tree(RRT) algorithm was used for robot tool change path planning, the obstacle avoidance path calculation was achieved during the motion processes. Based on the B-spline curves, the robot joint motion trajectory calculation was achieved. A simulation analysis platform was built for robot tool changing, and the effectiveness of the proposed solution was verified. Finally, a tool changing robot test bench was built, and a tool changing robot control system was constructed based on the operation layer, control layer, and execution layer. The feasibility of the tool changing robot system design scheme was verified through parameter calibration, laboratory and engineering testing.
其中,向量 p 和三维矩阵[ no a ]分别表示末端执行器相对于参考坐标系在x、y、z方向上的的位置和姿态。虽然存在冗余自由度,使用传统方法计算较为困难,但是机器人的后3个关节轴线相交于同一点(图6),导致坐标系{S7}、{S6}和{S5}的原点在空间上相交,因此,采用位姿分离算法可进行逆解计算,且根据机器人冗余自由度的特点,可获得8组逆解。针对此问题,通过设置约束条件和优化策略,可从中选取一组作为最优逆解。
2.2 基于RRT算法的路径规划
考虑到换刀机器人的机器人舱横截面尺寸较小,且在换刀的整个过程中周边运动空间极为局促,换刀机器人极易与其他结构发生碰撞,因此,将换刀过程划分为出仓、粗定位、精定位等过程。其中,出舱和粗定位过程采用快速扩展随机树(rapidly-exploring random tree,RRT)算法进行路径规划,其算法流程图见图9。针对传统RRT算法盲目搜索导致效率低甚至无法找到路径的问题[22],以一定概率直接将目标点作为采样点,在保留算法对未知区域的探索能力同时,使随机树向着目标生长;针对生成初始路径存在大折角现象,通过冗余路径点删除策略以减小路径长度、提高运动效率,且使机器人换刀作业更加流畅,减少机器人换刀过程中关节剧烈抖动现象、提高机器人的换刀效率。通过上述方法,可实现机器人在狭小空间内根据作业任务和作业环境自动规划出实际可行运动路径,为机器人安全、高效、平滑换刀提供保障。
HUANGXing, LIUQuansheng, SHIKai, et al. Application and Prospect of Hard Rock TBM for Deep Roadway Construction in Coal Mines[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2018, 73: 105-126.
SIJingzhao, ZENGYunchuan, LIUJianbing. Challenges and Some Thoughts on Open-TBM Construction in a Railway Tunnel with Complex Geologies[J]. Tunnel Construction, 2021, 41(3): 433-440.
JIALianhui, LIXiaoke, YUANWenzheng, et al. Lightweight Design of Front and Middle Shield Structures Based on Topology Optimization and Kriging Model[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2022, 33(23): 2888-2897.
[6]
YUANJ, GUANR, GUOD, et al. Discussion on the Robotic Approach of Disc Cutter Replacement for Shield Machine[C]∥2020 IEEE International Conference on Real-time Computing and Robotics(RCAR). Asahikawa, 2020: 204-209.
DULijie. Progresses, Challenges and Countermeasures for TBM Construction Technology in China[J]. Tunnel Construction, 2017, 37(9): 1063-1075.
[9]
CAMUST, MOUBARAKS. Maintenance Robotics in TBM Tunnelling[C]∥32nd International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction and Mining (ISARC 2015).Oulu, 2015:1-8.
[10]
DERYCKEJ N, RUBRECHTS. Method for Replacing a Tunnel Boring Machine Roller Cutter, Handling Device and Roller Cutter Suited to such a Method: US20130045055[P]. 2013-02-21.
[11]
NeTTun: New Technologies for Tunnelling and Underground Works[EB/OL]. [2025-12-02].
[12]
董德鹏. 盾构机换刀机器人增量式数字阀控液压伺服技术研究[D]. 沈阳: 东北大学, 2020.
[13]
DONGDepeng. Research on Incremental Digital Valve Control Hydraulic Servo Technology for TBM Cutter Changing Robot[D]. Shenyang: Northeastern University, 2020.
[14]
YANGMei, ZENGGuiying, RENYong, et al. Accessibility and Trajectory Planning of Cutter Changing Robot Arm for Large-diameter Slurry Shield[J]. Mechanics, 2023, 29(3): 214-224.
[15]
DULiang, YUANJianjun, BAOSheng, et al. Robotic Replacement for Disc Cutters in Tunnel Boring Machines[J]. Automation in Construction, 2022, 140: 104369.
ZHANGHaidong, HUANGLei, HUOJunzhou. Design and Motion Control of Disc Cutter Changing Robot for TBM[J]. Journal of Basic Science and Engineering, 2021, 29(5): 1234-1244.
[18]
吕浩伟. 盾构机辅助换刀机器人机构设计及其定位精度分析[D]. 济南: 山东大学, 2023.
[19]
HaoweiLYU. Mechanism Design and Positioning Accuracy Analysis of Shield Assisted Tool Change Robot[D]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2023.
QIANWenxue, SONGShuai, LIHao, et al. Research on Tool-changing Trajectory Planning of Tool-changing Robots Based on Hybrid Spline Curves[J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 2021, 42(10): 1427-1434.
TAOZhitong, TAOJianfeng, QINChengjin, et al. Trajectory Planning of TBM Disc Cutter Changing Robot Based on Time-jerk Optimization[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University (Engineering Science), 2023, 57(1): 1-9.
YINGuangmiao, ZHUGuoli, XIEZhe, et al. Monitoring System for Shield Machine Tool Changing Robot Based on Digital Twin[J]. Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 2024, 30(3): 811-824.
LIUSijin, MAYuyang, WANGHuawei, et al. Design and Analysis of a Novel Cutter System for a Cutter-changing Robot in Tunnel Boring Machines[J]. Tunnel Construction, 2024, 44(10): 2094-2102.
[28]
MENGZ, YANGD, HUOJ, et al. Development and Performance Evaluation of an Integrated Disc Cutter System for TBMS[J]. Applied Sciences, 2021, 11(2): 644.
[29]
杨冬建. 基于双目视觉的TBM换刀机器人末端定位研究[D]. 大连: 大连理工大学, 2021.
[30]
YANGDongjian. Study on End Positioning of TBM Cutter Changing Robot Based on Binocular Vision[D]. Dalian: Dalian University of Technology, 2021.
GUOJunke, WANGDujuan. Research on Cutter-replacement Technology for Shield Machine Using Robot Based on Visual Navigation Positioning[J]. Tunnel Construction, 2021, 41(2): 300-307.
ZHANGYilong. Defect Detection of Shield Cutter Plate and Path Planning of Tool-changing Robot in Narrow Space[D]. Harbin: Harbin University of Science and Technology, 2025.
ZHANGZhiwen, LIUBowei, ZHANGJiyuan, et al. Cooperative Optimization of Intelligent Vehicle Path Planning Based on PSO-SSA and RRT[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2024, 35(6): 993-999.