A three-dimensional thermal-fluid-solidification integrated numerical model was established for laser-directed energy deposition(L-DED). The thermofluidic transports and dynamic solidification behaviors were investigated during continuous wave(CW) and pulsed wave(PW) laser deposition through experimental and numerical methods. The results indicate that the melt pool exhibits stable behavior under CW mode, while PW mode induces periodic oscillation of the melt pool and triggers track remelting. Under the influences of surface-active oxygen and sulfur, both modes exhibit inward Marangoni flow. In CW mode, the melt pool undergoes only constrained solidification, exhibiting relatively stable solidification behaviors; the high temperature gradient(G) and low solidification rate(S) result in the coarsest grains, with average equiaxed grain equivalent diameters 2.6 times and 2 times larger than those in PW-25 and PW-50 modes, respectively. Conversely, the PW-mode melt pool alternately undergoes constrained solidification and free solidification(predominantly free solidification), demonstrating dynamically evolving solidification behaviors. During free solidification stages, low G and high S promote grain refinement. Additionally, high-frequency PW mode inhibits the constrained solidification zones and columnar-to-equiaxed transition(CET), forming cross-band epitaxial grains across discrete bands; while low-frequency PW mode enlarges the constrained solidification zones dominated by coarse grains.
采用尺寸为120 mm ×120 mm ×8 mm的316L不锈钢和直径为30~80 μm的球形316L不锈钢粉末作为基材和粉末,其化学成分见表4。对于CW-DED模式,使用500 W的恒定激光功率(图3b);而对于PW-DED模式,为与CW模式保持恒定的能量输入,按相同平均功率Pave()取峰值功率和占空比分别为1000 W和50%,使用方波调制(图3b)。实验和模拟用到的工艺参数见表5。
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