An orthogonal experimental scheme for conductive line inkjet printing was designed, and a regression model of wire resistance and line width were established using RSM. The influences of different printing parameters on resistance and line width were analyzed. A multi-objective optimization model was established with printing speed, substrate temperature, and printing layers as optimization variables, and minimizing resistance and line width as optimization objectives. The IGWO algorithm was used to solve the model and determine the optimal process parameters. The accuracy and printing effectiveness of the regression model were verified through experiments. The results show that under the optimal printing parameters of a printing speed of 39 mm/s, a substrate temperature of 120 ℃, and 8 printing layers, the wire resistance is as 5.8 Ω and the line width is as 128.804 µm. Compared with the average resistance values and the line width values of the verification test line, the resistance and line width of the conductive lines under the optimal parameters are reduced by 66.8% and 61.3%, respectively. The average relative errors between the actual and predicted values of resistance and linewidth are 3.88% and 2.91%, respectively. Finally, three functional components including microstrip antennas, spiral circuits, and RFID tags are designed and printed, verifying the feasibility of the method.
综上所述,国内外学者围绕增材制造的工艺优化及成形控制已经取得了一系列成果,但目前尚缺乏电子增材制造领域喷墨打印的工艺优化研究。对于柔性电路喷墨打印,打印精度可以由电阻值和线宽大小来衡量,较小的电阻可以提高电路的导电性,较小的线宽可以提高电路模型的分辨率。为此,本文采用RSM分别建立了电阻和线宽的回归模型,分析了不同打印参数对导电线路电阻值和线宽的影响;建立了喷墨打印工艺的多目标优化模型,使用改进灰狼(improved grey wolf optimizer,IGWO)算法对优化模型进行求解,进而得到了压电喷墨最优工艺参数组合;最后,通过打印实验验证了本文提出方法的可靠性。
在GWO算法中,系数向量 A 的模长决定了狼群的搜索策略,其值由收敛因子控制,合适的收敛因子初期应保持较大的值,然后慢速递减,有利于全局搜索。在迭代中期,其下降速度应加快,以提高算法的寻优速度。在迭代后期,收敛因子缓慢减小,以利于局部寻优,提高搜索的准确性。因此,引入非线性收敛因子(图6),其表达式如下:
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