Aiming at the challenges in ship narrow-space welding, such as the restricted workspace, multiple constraints on torch posture, high risk of trajectory interference, and poor welding accessibility, a time-optimization scheme was proposed for welding trajectory optimization based on an improved IGA-PSO, to achieve welding with the robotic arm in the shortest time. Three-dimensional models of the portable robots, workpiece, and working scene were constructed, the motion logic of the robots was clarified, and the welding trajectory model and processes were established. A multi-objective constrained fitness function was designed by comprehensively considering both welding time and accessibility, and the objective functions for time optimization and accessibility rate were formulated. By integrating the genetic and particle swarm algorithms, improvements were introduced: a linearly decreasing and exponentially decreasing mechanism for the inertia weight was adopted; the learning factors were designed for exploration, exploitation, and convergence stages; and the mutation operation was adjusted nonlinearly, thereby enhancing the algorithm's performance. Algorithm testing, simulation verification, and on-site validation were carried out through a case study to verify the proposed method. The results show that the optimized robotic arms exhibit smooth displacement, velocity, and acceleration curves without abrupt changes, and the welding accessibility reaches 90%, which verifies the effectiveness of the IGA-PSO.
建立基于机器人连杆和关节几何关系的D-H坐标系,通过确定轴线(Z轴)、公垂线(X轴)以及坐标系原点,逐步为每个连杆建立局部坐标系[6],如图4所示。D-H参数包含连杆长度、连杆扭角、连杆偏距、关节角4个参数(表1),用于描述每一个关节的移动或旋转与相邻关节之间的关系,也可以唯一确定两个坐标系的相对位置和姿态。通过这4个参数,能够构建出一个变换矩阵。利用该矩阵,可对机器人各关节的坐标系逐级转换,进而获得末端执行器的位姿信息。变换矩阵 Ti 与转换矩阵的一般形式为
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