延安市不同日光温室土壤中有效钾分布特性及其对甜瓜品质的影响
冯晓东 , 谢佳菲 , 牛紫薇 , 马紫晨 , 薛金翮 , 马玉成 , 高尚波
延安大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (04) : 1 -6.
延安市不同日光温室土壤中有效钾分布特性及其对甜瓜品质的影响
Distribution characteristics of available potassium in soils of different solar greenhouses in Yan’an City and its impact on melon quality
为了研究日光温室土壤中有效钾含量的分布特征及其对甜瓜品质的影响,对延安市不同甜瓜日光温室土壤中有效钾含量进行了测定,分析了其分布规律,并以甜瓜‘星甜20’为试验材料,研究了5个等级的有效钾含量:Ⅰ(<50 mg/kg);Ⅱ(50~<70 mg/kg);Ⅲ(70~<100 mg/kg);Ⅳ(100~<150 mg/kg);Ⅴ(150 mg/kg)对甜瓜膨大期生理特性和成熟期果实品质的影响。结果表明:不同甜瓜日光温室中有效钾含量大于70 mg/kg占6.5%,小于50 mg/kg的占9.4%,表明大部分土壤的含钾量基本满足甜瓜种植的要求,整体处于适宜范围,但存在局部缺乏的现象。土壤中有效钾含量对甜瓜膨大期叶片钾含量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率的影响可以分为三个区间:低钾区(<70 mg/kg),最适区(100~<150 mg/kg),高钾区(150 mg/kg)。在低钾区,钾的吸收效率受限,光合效率受到显著抑制,水分利用率较低;在高钾区,钾的吸收效率趋于饱和,光合效率下降,水分利用率明显降低;而在最适区,钾的吸收效率最高,光合效率最高,水分利用率得到有效优化。当土壤有效钾含量维持在100~<150 mg/kg时,可实现单果重、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和风味酸的均衡。因此,在日光温室土壤养分管理中应该注重土壤有效钾的平衡调控,针对不同的土壤条件和甜瓜品种差异合理调整钾肥的施用量,以实现甜瓜的产量与品质达到最优。
To investigate the distribution of available potassium content in soil of solar greenhouses for muskmelon cultivation and its impact on muskmelon quality, the available potassium content in soil from different solar greenhouses for muskmelon cultivation in Yan’an City was measured. Based on the level of soil available potassium content, its distribution pattern was studied. Using the muskmelon variety “Xingtian 20” as the experimental material, the effects of five levels of available potassium content: Ⅰ (<50 mg/kg); Ⅱ (50~<70 mg/kg); Ⅲ (70~<100 mg/kg); Ⅳ (100~<150 mg/kg); Ⅴ (150 mg/kg) on the physiological characteristics during the expansion period and fruit quality during the ripening period of muskmelon were investigated. The results showed that 6.5% of the soil samples from different solar greenhouses for muskmelon had available potassium content greater than 70 mg/kg, while 9.4% had available potassium content less than 50 mg/kg. This indicated that the potassium content of most soils met the requirements for muskmelon cultivation, but the overall level of available potassium was suitable while locally lacking. The effect of available potassium content in soil on potassium content, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate of sweet melon leaves during the expansion stage can be divided into three zones: low potassium zone (<70 mg/kg), optimal zone (100~<150 mg/kg), and high potassium zone (150 mg/kg). In the low potassium zone, potassium absorption efficiency is limited, photosynthetic efficiency is severely inhibited, and water use efficiency is average; In high potassium areas, potassium absorption efficiency saturates, photosynthetic efficiency is inhibited, and water use efficiency decreases significantly; Located in the optimal zone, potassium absorption efficiency is the highest, photosynthetic efficiency is the highest, and water use efficiency is well optimized. Maintaining soil available potassium content at 100~<150 mg/kg can achieve a balance between single fruit weight, soluble sugar, soluble protein, and flavor acids. Therefore, in the soil nutrient management of solar greenhouses, it is necessary to focus on the balanced regulation of available potassium in the soil. According to different soil conditions and differences in melon varieties, the application amount of potassium fertilizer should be reasonably adjusted to achieve the optimal yied and quality of melons.
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