防水透湿功能织物的开发与应用

Development and application of waterproof and moisture permeable functional fabrics

摘要

防水透湿织物能够防止液态水的渗透,同时允许水蒸气通过,确保良好的透湿性。这类织物根据生产工艺的不同,可以分为高密织物、涂层织物和层压复合织物。高密织物通过紧密的织造结构实现防水透湿功能;涂层织物表面施加有疏水性微孔涂层;层压复合织物则是通过将防水透湿膜与织物结合来达到防水透湿效果的。由于防水透湿织物的优异性能,它们在众多领域都有应用,具备高防水透湿性能的织物常用于户外运动服装、防护服和伤口敷料。不同应用领域对织物的防水透湿性能有不同要求,因此,如何在满足防水性能的同时保持织物的透湿性,是当前研究和探讨的热点问题。

Abstract

Waterproof and moisture permeable fabric can prevent the penetration of liquid water, while allowing water vapor to pass through, ensuring good moisture permeability. This type of fabric can be classified into high-density fabric, coated fabric and laminated composite fabric according to different production processes. High-density fabrics achieve waterproof and moisture permeable functions through tight weaving. Coated fabrics feature a hydrophobic microporous coatings applied to their surface. Laminated composite fabrics achieve waterproof and moisture permeable effects by combining waterproof and moisture permeable membranes with fabrics. Due to the excellent performance of waterproof and moisture permeable fabrics, they are widely used in many fields. Fabrics with high waterproof and moisture permeable properties are often used in outdoor sportswear, protective clothing and wound dressings. Different application fields have different requirements for the waterproof and moisture permeable properties of fabrics. Therefore, how to maintain the moisture permeability of fabrics while meeting the waterproof property requirements is a current hot topic of research and discussion.

关键词

防水透湿 / 织物 / 高密 / 层压 / 涂层 / 应用

Key words

waterproof and moisture permeable / fabric / high-density / laminate / coating / application

参考文献

[1] 雷诗微, 师文钊, 刘瑾姝, 等. 纯棉织物雾化拒水整理工艺[J]. 印染助剂, 2024, 41(1): 7-11.

[2] Chang Y W, Liu F J. Review of waterproof breathable membranes: preparation, performance and applications in the textile field[J]. Materials, 2023, 16(15): 5339.

[3] Tehrani-Bagha A R. Waterproof breathable layers - a review[J]. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2019, 268: 114-135.

[4] 余彤, 王雪燕. 防水透气功能纺织品技术及其性能要求的分析[J]. 成都纺织高等专科学校学报, 2015, 32(4): 102-105.

[5] Meena M, Kerketta A, Tripathi M, et al. Thermally stable poly (urethane-imide)s with enhanced hydrophilicity for waterproof-breathable textile coatings[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2022, 139(28): e52508.

[6] 宋丽伟, 金肖克, 缪永达, 等. 响应面法优化e-PTFE膜层压复合织物的热压工艺[J]. 现代纺织技术, 2025, 33(4): 33-42.

[7] 张莉彦, 侯钦正, 徐锦龙, 等. 熔体微分静电纺热塑性聚氨酯防水透湿透气超细纤维膜的制备及其性能研究[J]. 毛纺科技, 2022, 50(12): 1-10.

[8] Sheng J L, Li Y, Wang X F, et al. Thermal inter-fiber adhesion of the polyacrylonitrile/ fluorinated polyurethane nanofibrous membranes with enhanced waterproof-breathable performance[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2016, 158: 53-61.

[9] 仇慧丽, 杨群, 崔进, 等. 防水透湿膜在纺织上的应用及研究进展[J]. 现代纺织技术, 2023, 31(2): 244-255.

[10] Mukhopadhyay A, Midha V K. A review on designing the waterproof breathable fabrics part Ⅰ: fundamental principles and designing aspects of breathable fabrics[J]. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 2008, 37(3): 225-262.

[11] Wang S Y, Huang H Z, Liu C, et al. Waterproof and breathable graphene-based electronic fabric for wearable sensors[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2022, 7(11): 2200149.

[12] 崔永艳. 纺织品透湿性的测试方法及影响因素探讨[J]. 纺织检测与标准, 2023, 9(1): 4-8.

[13] Jiang Q, Wang Y X, Xie Y L, et al. Silicon carbide microfiltration membranes for oil-water separation: pore structure-dependent wettability matters[J]. Water Research, 2022, 216: 118270.

[14] Si Y, Fu Q X, Wang X Q, et al. Superelastic and superhydrophobic nanofiber-assembled cellular aerogels for effective separation of oil/ water emulsions[J]. ACS Nano, 2015, 9(4): 3791-3799.

[15] 范余娟, 金志学, 付重先, 等. 低DPF超细锦纶6纤维的制备及其性能[J]. 纺织导报, 2022(6): 24-26.

[16] 张蓉, 赵立环, 王玉稳, 等. 超细纤维合成革透湿、透气性能研究进展[J]. 产业用纺织品, 2024, 42(10): 18-26.

[17] 王悦鹏, 董洁, 孙润军, 等. 防水透湿织物的研究进展[J]. 棉纺织技术, 2025, 53(3): 82-87.

[18] 安昱盈, 温润, 徐广标. 户外睡袋用面料防水透湿性能的评价[J]. 丝绸, 2020, 57(7): 66-71.

[19] Meng Q B, Lee S I, Nah C, et al. Preparation of waterborne polyurethanes using an amphiphilic diol for breathable waterproof textile coatings[J]. Progress in Organic Coatings, 2009, 66(4): 382-386.

[20] Bramhecha I, Sheikh J. Development of sustainable citric acid-based polyol to synthesize waterborne polyurethane for antibacterial and breathable waterproof coating of cotton fabric[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2019, 58(47): 21252-21261.

[21] Zhao J, Wang X F, Xu Y Q, et al. Multifunctional, waterproof, and breathable nanofibrous textiles based on fluorine-free, all-water-based coatings[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12(13): 15911-15918.

[22] Ghezal I, Moussa A, Ben Marzoug I, et al. Investigating waterproofness and breathability of a coated double-sided knitted fabric[J]. Coatings, 2022, 12(10): 1572.

[23] Chang M J, Chai X J, Cui W N, et al. Facile fabrication of electrospun silica nanofibrous membrane with hydrophobic, oleophilic and breathable performances[J]. Fibers and Polymers, 2018, 19(4): 760-766.

[24] Anatoly C, Pavel Z, Tatiana C, et al. Water vapor permeability through porous polymeric membranes with various hydrophilicity as synthetic and natural barriers[J]. Polymers, 2020, 12(2): 282.

[25] 马池, 张泾龙, 侯琳, 等. 聚四氟乙烯在产业用纺织品领域的加工及应用进展[J]. 产业用纺织品, 2023, 41(3): 1-7.

[26] Kurumada K I, Kitamura T, Fukumoto N, et al. Structure generation in PTFE porous membranes induced by the uniaxial and biaxial stretching operations[J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 1998, 149(1): 51-57.

[27] Kim S Y, Kanamori T, Shinbo T. Preparation of thermal-responsive poly(propylene) membranes grafted with N-isopropylacrylamide by plasma-induced polymerization and their water permeation[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2002, 84(6): 1168-1177.

[28] 杨淼, 王荣武. 聚醚砜微纳米纤维防水透湿材料的制备及性能分析[J]. 产业用纺织品, 2023, 41(1): 30-37.

[29] Gong X B, Yin X, Wang F, et al. Electrospun nanofibrous membranes: a versatile medium for waterproof and breathable application[J]. Small, 2023, 19(2): 2205067.

[30] 朱豆豆, 付少海, 张继超. 基于静电纺丝技术的防水透湿微纳米纤维膜研究进展[J]. 服装学报, 2023, 8(2): 95-101.

[31] Yu Y G, Liu Y, Zhang F L, et al. Preparation of waterproof and breathable polyurethane fiber membrane modified by fluorosilane-modified silica[J]. Fibers and Polymers, 2020, 21(5): 954-964.

[32] Ren G H, Li Z Z, Tian L L, et al. Environmentally friendly waterproof and breathable electrospun nanofiber membranes via post-heat treatment[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2023, 658: 130643.

[33] Xing X W, Zhang X Y, Fang J, et al. One-step fabrication of strengthened breathable composite nanofiber membranes by electrospinning/ electrospraying for highly waterproof application[J]. Polymer, 2023, 289: 126481.

[34] 胡满钰. EVA胶膜层压复合织物的制备及其湿传导性能研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江理工大学, 2023.

[35] 金星, 王俊胜, 商珂, 等. 干式水域救援服用复合织物的性能研究[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2023, 42(5): 694-698.

[36] 孙琪琪. 层压复合羊毛织物服用性能及其环境适用性研究[D]. 上海: 东华大学, 2021.

[37] 史进霞. 聚酰亚胺/聚四氟乙烯膜层压复合织物的制备与性能研究[D]. 上海: 东华大学, 2020.

[38] Liu Y B, Wang Q, Zhang T Y, et al. Fabrication of breathable superhydrophobic composite fabric with moisture permeability and weak-electric-field bactericidal ability designed for protective clothing applications[J]. Materials & Design, 2024, 237: 112612.

[39] Li P P, Zhang Q, Chadyagondo T T, et al. Designing waterproof and breathable fabric based on polyurethane/ silica dioxide web fabricated by electrospinning[J]. Fibers and Polymers, 2020, 21(7): 1444-1452.

[40] Zhou W, Yu X, Cao L T, et al. Green and ethanol-resistant polyurethane nanofibrous membranes based on an ethanol solvent for waterproof and breathable textiles[J]. Advanced Sustainable Systems, 2020, 4(9): 2000105.

[41] Li P H, Feng Q, Chen L X, et al. Environmentally friendly, durably waterproof, and highly breathable fibrous fabrics prepared by one-step fluorine-free waterborne coating[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2022, 14(6): 8613-8622.

[42] 罗耀发. 水性微孔型防水透湿膜的开发及在羽绒服面料中的应用[J]. 纺织导报, 2023(2): 30-33.

[43] 赵艳娇, 葛爱雄, 张伟. 防水透气型膜复合面料应用研究及分析[J]. 纺织检测与标准, 2022, 8(6): 36-39.

[44] Liu Q X, Huang J, Zhang J M, et al. Thermal, waterproof, breathable, and antibacterial cloth with a nanoporous structure[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10(2): 2026-2032.

[45] Zhao J, Zhu W X, Wang X F, et al. Fluorine-free waterborne coating for environmentally friendly, robustly water-resistant, and highly breathable fibrous textiles[J]. ACS Nano, 2020, 14(1): 1045-1054.

[46] 肖阳阳, 石佩玉, 丁水萍, 等. 消防员灭火防护服外层织物的疏水耐液态危化品涂层研究[J]. 产业用纺织品, 2025, 43(6): 43-52.

[47] 周琦. 消防服用组合织物热防护性与热湿舒适性综合评价[J]. 服装学报, 2021, 6(2): 102-107.

[48] Chen X X, Li M, Yu M, et al. Preparation and performance study of waterproof and breathable layer of alginate/ aramid-based fabrics and flame-retardant multilayer combination[J]. Designed Monomers and Polymers, 2024, 27(1): 1-14.

[49] 彭淑娟, 樊瑞雪, 齐晓玲, 等. 闪蒸法非织造布研究进展及应用[J]. 产业用纺织品, 2025, 43(8): 11-16.

[50] Li Y, Zhong L B, Zhang Q J, et al. Highly breathable and durable waterproof polyimide electrospun nanofibrous membrane for potential reusable protective clothing application: preparation, characterization and performance[J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2024, 693: 122354.

[51] Bramhecha I, Sheikh J. Antibacterial and waterproof breathable waterborne polyurethane functionalised by graphene to develop UV and NIR-protective cotton fabric[J]. Carbon Trends, 2021, 4: 100067.

[52] Gao H C, Chen Y, Wei M C, et al. Autoclavable nanofiber laminated fabrics with waterproof and breathability for reusable medical protective textiles[J]. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 2023, 6(24): 23496-23505.

[53] 李露露, 谢光银, 周朝钢. 弹性医用敷料基布的开发及性能研究[J]. 纺织科技进展, 2020, 42(3): 12-15.

[54] 黄莹莹. 功能性防水透气医用敷料的研究及制备[D]. 青岛: 青岛大学, 2022.

[55] Yue Y P, Gong X B, Jiao W L, et al. In-situ electrospinning of thymol-loaded polyurethane fibrous membranes for waterproof, breathable, and antibacterial wound dressing application[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2021, 592: 310-318.

基金资助

中国博士后科学基金第74批面上资助(2023M742677)

江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(SJCX25_1328)