SiC_p/Al 复合材料的激光焊接技术研究现状

Research Progress and Interface Mechanism Analysis in Laser Welding of SiC_p/Al Composites

摘要

SiCp/Al复合材料因其低密度、高比强度/模量、优良的耐磨性与耐高温性等综合优势，在航空航天、轨道交通等领域展现出显著应用潜力。然而，增强相SiC与基体Al间物理化学性能的显著差异导致其焊接性极差，严重制约了其工程化应用。激光焊接技术以能量输入高度集中、热影响区窄及加工精度卓越等优点，被誉为SiCp/Al 复合材料焊接的理想技术。综述了SiCp/Al复合材料激光焊接技术的研究进展，探讨了其面临的主要挑战，梳理了现有工艺优化策略，重点分析了焊缝的界面反应机理、界面结构调控方法及其对焊缝性能的影响，并阐述了相关的强化机制。最后，在剖析当前研究不足与挑战的基础上，对未来研究方向进行了展望，旨在为该技术的深入研究和工程应用提供参考。

Abstract

SiCp/Al composites demonstrate substantial potential for applications prospects in aerospace, rail transportation and other industries, owing to their low density, high specific strength, high specific modulus, excellent wear resistance and superior high-temperature performance. However, the significant disparities in physical and chemical properties between the reinforcing SiC phase and the Al matrix result in poor weldability, which severely hinders their adoption in engineering contexts. Laser welding has emerged as a highly promising joining technique for SiCp/Al composites due to its benefits of high energy density, minimal heat-affected zones and precise processing control. This paper reviews the research progress in laser welding technology for SiCp/Al composite materials, explores the main challenges it faces, summarizes the existing process optimization strategies, and focuses on analyzing the interface reaction mechanism of the weld seam, methods for interface structure control, and their impact on weld seam performance. It also elaborates on the related strengthening mechanisms. Finally, based on an analysis of the current research deficiencies and challenges, it prospects for future research directions, aiming to provide reference for the in-depth research and engineering application of this technology.

关键词

SiCp/Al复合材料 / 激光焊接 / 增强体 / 界面反应 / 合金化 / 工艺优化

Key words

SiCp/Al matrix composites / laser welding / reinforcement / interface reaction / process optimization

参考文献

[1] HU M S, ZHAO G L, LI L, et al. Investigation on Material Response of 55% SiCp/Al Composites Induced by Pulsed Laser[J]. Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2020, 37(S): 49-57.

[2] VENKATESH V S S, DEOGHARE A B . Microstructural characterization and mechanical behaviour of SiC and kaoline reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites fabricated through powder metallurgy technique[J]. Silicon, 2022, 14(7): 3723-3737.

[3] 郭磊磊 . SiC 颗粒增强铝基复合材料连接技术研究现状[J]. 热加工工艺, 2019, 48(11): 6-9.

[4] GUO L L . Research status of joining technique of SiC particle reinforced aluminium matrix composites[J]. Hot Working Technology, 2019, 48(11): 6-9.

[5] 康悦, 占小红, 封小松, 等 . 6061铝合金激光焊温度场与应力场数值模拟研究[J]. 上海航天(中英文), 2020, 37(6): 58-63, 68.

[6] KANG Y, ZHAN X H, FENG X S, et al. Numerical simulation study on temperature field and stress—strain field of 6061 aluminum alloy in laser beam welding[J]. Aerospace Shanghai, 2020, 37(6): 58-63, 68.

[7] ZHANG M Y, WANG C M, HUA Z J, et al. Microstructure evolution, interface and mechanical properties of SiCp/2A14 joint during laser keyhole welding[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2023, 26: 5731-5747.

[8] PAN P, WANG J J, CHEN S J, et al. Effect of filler metal on microstructure and mechanical properties of welded SiCp/Al composites by dual beam laser welding[J]. Materials Letters, 2024, 372: 136984.

[9] 朱强, 赵文涛, 雷玉成, 等 . Ti对SiCp/6092铝基复合材料激光焊焊缝组织和性能的影响[J]. 焊接学报, 2021, 42(3): 85-90.

[10] ZHU Q, ZHAO W T, LEI Y C, et al. Effect of Ti on microstructure and properties of laser welding weld of SiC particle reinforced 6092 Al alloy matrix composite[J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2021, 42(3): 85-90.

[11] 王亚松 . 夹Ti 合金层激光焊接高比分SiCp/2024 铝基复合材料[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2010.

[12] WANG Y S . Study on laser welding of high volume fraction SiCp/2024Al MMC with Ti alloy filler[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2010.

[13] 陈永来, 于利根, 王华明 . 合金化填充材料 Ni 对 SiCp/6061Al 复合材料激光焊接焊缝显微组织的影响[J]. 复合材料学报, 2000, 17(4): 63-65.

[14] CHEN Y L, YU L G, WANG H M . Effect of alloying filler Ni on microstructure of laser welded seam of SiCp/6061Al composite[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2000, 17(4): 63-65.

[15] LONG J, ZHANG L J, ZHANG L L, et al. Effects of minor Zr addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded joint of Al/SiCp metal—matrix composite[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2020, 49: 373-384.

[16] 刘畅 . 基于Zr元素添加的SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料激光焊接工艺研究[D]. 武汉: 华中科技大学, 2022.

[17] LIU C . Research on laser welding technology of SiC particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites based on Zr element addition[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2022.

[18] 雷玉成, 胡文祥, 薛厚禄, 等 . Ti—Al—Si—Mg对SiCp/Al基复合材料等离子弧原位焊接焊缝组织和性能的影响[J]. 焊接学报, 2011, 32(5): 9-12, 113.

[19] LEI Y C, HU W X, XUE H L, et al. Influence of Ti—Al—Si—Mg on microstructures and mechanical properties of plasma arc in—suit welded joint of SiCp/Al MMCs[J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2011, 32(5): 9-12, 113.

[20] 陶汪, 李俐群, 王亚松, 等 . 高体积分数SiCp/2024Al基复合材料添加Ti—6Al—4V中间层激光焊接特性[J]. 中国激光, 2012, 39(1): 104-108.

[21] TAO W, LI L Q, WANG Y S, et al. Study on welding process and microstructure of laser welding high volume fraction SiCp/2024Al matrix composite with Ti—6Al—4V filler[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2012, 39(1): 104-108.

[22] LEI Y C, ZHANG Z, NIE J J, et al. Effect of Ti—Al on microstructures and mechanical properties of plasma arc in—situ welded joint of SiCp/Al MMCs[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2008, 18(4): 809-813.

[23] 赵明娟, 程梓威, 赵龙志, 等 . Ti5Si3含量对SiCp/2009Al激光填粉焊接头组织性能的影响[J]. 华东交通大学学报, 2023, 40(6): 79-85.

[24] ZHAO M J, CHENG Z W, ZHAO L Z, et al. Effect of Ti5Si3 content in filler powder on the microstructure and properties of SiCp/2009Al laser filler welding joint[J]. Journal of East China Jiaotong University, 2023, 40(6): 79-85.

[25] 孙文昊, 范永强, 张国涛, 等 . SiCp/Al复合材料的激光焊接接头组织与性能对比[J]. 中国激光, 2021, 48(10): 41-51.

[26] SUN W H, FAN Y Q, ZHANG G T, et al. Comparison of structure and performance of laser welded joints of SiCp/Al composite materials[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2021, 48(10): 41-51.

[27] 赵俊鹏 . 铝合金激光—CMT复合焊接熔池流场与温度场的数值模拟[D]. 沈阳: 沈阳工业大学, 2023.

[28] ZHAO J P . Numerical simulation of flow field and temperature field in aluminum alloy laser CMT composite welding pool[D]. Shenyang: Shenyang University of Technology, 2023.

[29] 祝鹏 . 7075铝合金激光—MIG复合焊接温度场应力场与熔池流动数值模拟[D]. 成都: 西南石油大学, 2022.

[30] ZHU P . Numerical simulation of temperature field, stress field and molten pool flow in laser—MIG hybrid welding of 7075 aluminum alloy[D]. Chengdu: Southwest Petroleum University, 2022.

[31] 熊程, 潘朋, 陈双建, 等 . 激光光束摆动参数对SiCp/Al焊接组织及性能的影响 [J]. 中国激光, 2025, 52(4): 0402105.

[32] XIONG C, PAN P, CHEN S J, et al. Effects of laser beam swing parameters on microstructure and properties of SiCp/Al composites by laser welding[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2025, 52(4): 0402105.

[33] 齐恩语 . SiCp/2009Al MMCs 摆动激光填丝焊工艺及接头组织性能研究[D]. 北京: 北京工业大学, 2021.

[34] QI E Y . Study on process and joint microstructure and properties of SiCp/2009Al metal—matrix composites osciallating laser welding with filler wire[D]. Beijing: Beijing University of Technology, 2021.

[35] 赵文涛 . SiCp/6061 铝基复合材料超声辅助激光焊接工艺及机理研究[D]. 镇江: 江苏大学, 2021.

[36] ZHAO W T . Study on ultrasonic assisted laser welding process and mechanism of SiCp/6061 aluminum matrix composite[D]. Zhenjiang: Jiangsu University, 2021.

[37] 赵龙志, 胡秀萍, 赵明娟 . 纵向稳态磁场对铝基复合材料激光填粉焊接熔池动力学的影响[J]. 中国激光, 2025, 52(4): 0402102.

[38] ZHAO L Z, HU X P, ZHAO M J . Effect of longitudinal steady magnetic field on dynamics of molten pool in laser powder—filling welding of aluminum matrix composites[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2025, 52(4): 0402102.

[39] WANG Z Y, CAO H Y, LI H L, et al. Effects of laser welding parameters on the porosity and acicular phase in SiCp/6092 aluminum matrix composite welded joints[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2023, 23: 5127-5141.

[40] 程东锋, 樊思燕, 苏春堂, 等 . 高体分SiCp/Al复合材料激光焊工艺研究[J]. Saecce 2023—MS102, 2023: 1981-1985.

[41] CHENG D F, FAN S Y, SU C T, et al. Study on laser welding process of high volume fraction SiCp/Al composites[J]. Saecce 2023—MS102, 2023: 1981-1985.

[42] 巴现礼, 高增, 王振江, 等 . 基于 Ti 中间层的 SiCp/6061—T6Al MMCs低功率激光—TIG复合焊接头组织与性能[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2021, 50(10): 3657-3663.

[43] BA X L, GAO Z, WANG Z J, et al. Microstructure and properties of SiCp/6061—T6Al MMCs joint manufactured by low—power laser—TIG hybrid welding technology with Ti as interlayer[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2021, 50(10): 3657-3663.

[44] ZHANG M Y, WANG C M, MI G Y, et al. Laser beam oscillation welded SiCp/2xx Al alloy: microstructure, phase interface and mechanical properties[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2021, 820: 141482.

[45] 胡秀萍 . 磁场辅助铝基复合材料激光填粉焊接数值模拟研究[D]. 南昌: 华东交通大学, 2024.

[46] HU X P . Numerical simulation of laser filler welding of aluminum matrix composites with magnetic field assistance[D]. Nanchang: East China Jiaotong University, 2024.

[47] ZHANG S F, ZHAO L Z, ZHAO M J, et al. Microstructure and interfacial behavior of SiCp/6061 aluminum matrix composite joined by laser welding with filled TixSi powder [J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2024, 59(40): 18848-18863.

[48] 韩瑞 . 碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料激光焊接研究[D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2021.

[49] HAN R . Research on laser welding of silicon carbide particles reinforced aluminum matrix composite[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2021.

[50] 韩瑞, 李晓鹏, 彭勇, 等 . SiCp/2024Al复合材料热挤压对激光焊接接头组织性能的影响[J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(6): 2054-2064.

[51] HAN R, LI X P, PENG Y, et al. Effect of hot extrusion of SiCp/2024Al composites on microstructure and properties of laser welded joint[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(6): 2054-2064.

[52] 王显波 . Ti元素对SiC颗粒增强Al— xSi基复合材料界面微观组织的影响 [D]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古工业大学, 2024.

[53] WANG X B . Effect of Ti on the interfacial microstructure of SiC particle reinforced Al— xSi matrix composites [D]. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University of Tehchnology, 2024.

[54] 董翠鸽, 王日初, 彭超群, 等 . SiCp/Al 复合材料研究进展[J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2021, 31(11): 3161-3181.

[55] DONG C G, WANG R C, PENG C Q, et al. Research progress in SiCp/Al composites[J]. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 2021, 31(11): 3161-3181.

[56] 苏嶓, 王爱琴, 谢敬佩, 等 . SiCp/Al—Si基复合材料界面结构调控及强化机制的研究进展[J]. 材料热处理学报, 2024, 45(2): 1-12.

[57] SU B, WANG A Q, XIE J P, et al. Research progress on interface structure control and strengthening mechanism of SiCp/Al—Si matrix composites[J]. Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment, 2024, 45(2): 1-12.

[58] 郭敏, 曲俊峰, 栾承华, 等 . 钼基复合材料强化机制的研究进展[J]. 材料导报, 2024, 38(S2): 408-411.

[59] GUO M, QU J F, LUAN C H, et al. Research progress on strengthening mechanism of molybdenum matrix composites[J]. Materials Reports, 2024, 38(S2): 408-411.

[60] 刘博 . SiCp/Al 基复合材料相界面润湿性及结合能的模拟研究[D]. 西安: 西安工业大学, 2023.

[61] LIU B . Simulation of phase interface wettability and binding energy of SiCp/Al matrix composites[D]. Xi’an: Xi’an Technological University, 2023.

[62] 张鑫 . 铝基复合材料中CNTs/SiC/Al复合界面调控及其强化机理[D]. 西安: 西安理工大学, 2020.

[63] ZHANG X . Strengthening mechanism and interfacial regulation of CNTs/SiC/Al in aluminum matrix composites[D]. Xi’an: Xi’an University of Technology, 2020.

基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(51965022)

江西省自然科学基金项目(20242BAB25272)