This study utilized a custom-developed experimental platform to perform thermal shock tests on granite specimens, with the objective of investigating the evolution of thermal shock triggering thresholds under varying heating temperatures and cooling methodologies. During rapid cooling, the spatiotemporal evolution of the internal non-uniform temperature field within the specimens was monitored. This monitoring facilitated the derivation of the distribution characteristics of the temperature gradient and cooling rate. By integrating synchronously acquired acoustic emission signals, the study elucidated the variation of the thermal shock triggering threshold—characterized by temperature gradient and cooling rate—in relation to heating temperature and cooling intensity. In this context, the “triggering threshold” is defined as the minimum thermal load level that initiations and sustains the propagation of detectable micro-cracks, as indicated by a marked increase in acoustic emission activity. The findings reveal that, during thermal shock, the peaks of the cooling rate and temperature gradient migrate from the outer layer toward the inner layer of the specimen and gradually attenuate over time. For specimens subjected to heating up to 800 ℃ and subsequently cooled in an ethylene glycol solution at ambient temperature, no significant thermal shock damage was detected when the heating temperature remained below 300 ℃. Within the temperature range of 400~800 ℃, the threshold for the temperature gradient necessary to induce thermal shock varied between 15.95 and 26.45 ℃/mm, while the threshold for the cooling rate ranged from 3.03 to 5.10 ℃/s. In experiments where specimens were heated to 600 ℃ and cooled in ethylene glycol solutions at temperatures spanning from ambient to -40 ℃, the temperature gradient threshold was observed to range from 19.24 to 25.49 ℃/mm, and the cooling rate threshold from 3.23 to 5.31 ℃/s. These thresholds exhibited an increase with elevated heating temperatures and reduced temperatures of the cooling medium. This study introduces an experimental framework designed to quantify the conditions that trigger thermal shock in rock, thereby providing a methodological reference for the precise characterization of the thermal shock phenomenon in geological materials. The results furnish a theoretical basis and technical support for both the mitigation and exploitation of thermal shock effects in rock engineering applications.
在深部采矿、煤炭气化开采、地热能开发和高放射性核废料地质处置等深部岩石工程中,高温的影响不可忽视(吴阳春等,2020;朱振南等,2026)。在实际工程中,岩体并非始终处于稳态高温场中,在某些工况下必须考虑温度分布的急剧变化。例如:在增强型地热系统开发的钻井过程中,井周高温岩体受到循环钻井泥浆的降温作用(Espinosa-Paredes et al,2004),由于岩石导热性较差,井眼远端岩体因无法实现同步降温仍保持较高的温度,从而形成显著的温度梯度,由此产生的热应力会诱发热破裂,这一过程即为热冲击现象(Hall et al,2014)。在此情况下,热冲击诱发的热破裂容易导致井眼失稳,进而危及地热系统的安全性。另一方面,热冲击也有其积极意义,例如人工热储的构建是通过注入低温流体压裂干热岩(武治盛等,2021)实现的,该过程中产生的热裂纹能够增强岩体渗透性,从而提高地热储层的热交换效率(Zhao et al,2021)。因此,深入研究热冲击的作用机制和效果,对于在深部岩石工程中趋利避害地利用热冲击现象具有重要意义。
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