In open-pit mining, the selection of deep-hole bench blasting parameters is a critical process that directly influences the uniformity of blasting fragmentation distribution and the morphology of the muckpile. This selection has a cascading effect on the operational efficiency, cost management and safety of subsequent processes such as loading transportation and crushing. Consequently accurately determining appropriate blasting parameters under complex geological conditions to achieve an optimal balance between blasting effectiveness and economic benefits has been a longstanding challenge for researchers and engineering professionals in the field. To address this fundamental issue, this paper introduces a method for predicting and optimizing deep-hole bench blasting parameters in open-pit mines. Utilizing an improved Dung Beetle Optimizer (NDBO) algorithm -enhanced Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), this approach offers a novel technical pathway for determining blasting parameters. The original DBO algorithm is enhanced by incorporating a dynamic inertia weight adjustment mechanism. Which balances the algorithm’s global exploration capability in the initial stages with its local exploitation capability in the later stages. In order to address convergence stagnation within the algorithm, a chaotic perturbation strategy is employed to perturb the population, thereby facilitating the algorithm’s escape from local optima. This approach markedly enhances the solution accuracy and stability of the algorithm, culminating in the development of the improved NDBO algorithm. During the model construction phase, the NDBO algorithm is integrated with the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) to optimize the core parameters of the ELM model, leveraging the global optimization capabilities of the NDBO algorithm. Specifically, the NDBO algorithm optimizes the input layer weights. hidden layer thresholds, and output layer weights of the ELM enabling adaptive adjustment of model parameters and the construction of the NDBO-ELM blasting parameter prediction model. To evaluate the superiority of the proposed model, comparative experiments are conducted against traditional intelligent optimization models, including PSO-LSSVM (Particle Swarm Optimization-Least Squares Support Vector Machine) and PSO-ELM (Particle Swarm Optimization-Extreme Learning Machine). A quantitative analysis was conducted utilizing four key performance indicators: Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error(MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and the Coefficient of Determination (R²). The experimental findings indicate that the NDBO-ELM model demonstrates substantial advantages in predicting the three primary blasting parameters. Specifically, for hole spacing prediction, the MAE, RMSE, MAPE and R² values are 0.14, 0.18, 0.02 and 0.91, respectively. For row spacing prediction, these metrics are 0.14, 0.16, 0.03 and 0.94, and for specific charge prediction. they are 0.006, 0.007, 0.01 and 0.93. The low levels of error indicators and the coefficients of determination, which are consistently close to or exceed 0.9, suggest that the model possesses exceptionally high predictive accuracy and stability. It effectively captures the intricate nonlinear relationships between blasting parameters, geological conditions, and blasting outcomes. Building on the verified efficacy of the NDBO-ELM model, this study further develops an optimization system for deep-hole bench blasting parameters in open-pit mining operations. Anchored in the fundamental design principles of “data-driven, intelligent optimization, and closed-loop iteration” the system incorporates two essential functional modules: blasting data collection and intelligent parameter optimization. It establishes a comprehensive closed-loop management framework encompassing “data collection-model training-parameter recommendation-effect feedback.”
现行的爆破参数优化方法主要为经验公式法、模拟法和机器学习法。研究人员根据矿山地质特点和环境条件,采用经验公式进行爆破参数设置,优化爆破参数,用于降低露天矿高台阶爆破大块率和飞石距离等(赵文奎等,2021;甘杰,2025)。部分学者以利文顿爆破漏斗理论为依据,在现场开展了爆破试验,获得适用于试验矿山矿岩条件的爆破参数(陈能革,2016;文兴等,2021)。国内学者根据现场条件,通过围岩节理扫描分析,改进爆破参数,确定孔位及爆破药量,提高了炮孔利用率,降低了单耗(张云鹏等,2014;郭学庭等,2021)。随着爆破参数优化技术朝着高效化、精准化的方向发展,优化方案的可行性和有效性需通过严格验证方可落地工程实践。然而,传统工业试验成本投入高,难以大规模开展。在此背景下,兼具高效性与低成本优势的计算机数值模拟技术,逐渐成为爆破领域研究者的优选工具,其在爆破方案优化设计与参数合理性验证中的应用也日益广泛,为工程实践提供了可靠的技术支撑(过江等,2016;李波等,2024)。如采用AUTOCAD与ANSYS/LS-DYNA联合建模技术构建了精细化双排扇形孔三维数值模型,结合矿石爆破块度空间分布形态,确定了最优爆破参数(龚永超等,2020);采用LS-DYNA数值模拟软件,针对巷道掘进掏槽爆破过程开展模拟分析,基于模拟结果,通过优化炮孔布置方案,同时配套采取增加炮孔深度和炮孔堵塞长度等针对性技术措施,有效延长了爆炸能量的作用时长,显著提升了爆破效率(汪海波等,2018)。近年来,以神经网络为核心的机器学习算法在工程领域的应用愈发深入且广泛。神经网络具备强非线性拟合能力、复杂数据挖掘潜力及自适应优化等特性,为爆破参数优化这一多目标、多约束的复杂工程问题提供了全新的解决思路。因此,越来越多的学者和工程技术人员开始将神经网络、遗传算法和粒子群优化等各类智能算法引入爆破参数优化研究中,通过算法与工程实际的深度融合,实现爆破参数的精准优化与爆破效果的显著提升(王帅,2022)。如采用Floyd算法构建中深孔爆破扇形炮孔排面模型,有效解决了预设特定炮孔参数条件下的布孔优化设计问题(刘益超等,2021);采用人工神经网络(ANN)模型作为帝国竞争算法(ICA)的目标函数,通过参数优化使爆破振动峰值速度(PPV)降低了59%(Rezaeineshat et al,2020)。
经验公式法高度依赖现场工程经验,主观性强且对复杂地质条件的适应性差,难以应对多因素耦合下的参数精准匹配需求;数值模拟法虽能实现爆破过程的可视化分析,但建模流程复杂、计算耗时较长,对网格划分精度与边界条件设置要求严苛,且难以完全复现现场岩体非均质性、节理发育等真实工况;传统机器学习方法在处理爆破参数优化等多约束、强非线性问题时,常存在收敛速度慢、易陷入局部最优解的缺陷,导致模型泛化能力与预测精度难以满足工程实际对参数精准度的要求。针对爆破参数难以确定的问题,本文提出了一种改进蜣螂优化算法(Dung Beetle Optimizer,DBO)(Xue et al,2023)优化极限学习机(ELM)的回归预测模型,对孔距、排距和炸药单耗进行预测优化。NDBO算法优化输入层到隐含层权值、隐含层阈值和输出层权值3个核心参数,极大地提高了ELM性能,采用粒子群算法(Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO)(朱尚军等,2020)—最小二乘支持向量机(Least Squares Support Vector Machine, LSSVM)(马宁等,2024)、PSO-ELM、NDBO-LSSVM模型与NDBO-ELM模型进行对比分析,得出NDBO-ELM模型具有更优性能,预测精度最高,具有良好的工程实际意义,为爆破参数设置提供了新的参考方案。
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