In natural settings,rock masses frequently contain various fissures that may exhibit parallel orientations,significantly influencing their mechanical properties.These fractured rock masses are continuously exposed to static loads,such as the weight of overlying rock in subterranean environments,as well as dynamic loads resulting from activities like drilling and blasting.The interaction between these loads and the rock mass is crucial for determining the stability of the rock mass,particularly in underground and mining contexts.This paper seeks to investigate the dynamic characteristics,energy dissipation,and damage mechanisms of parallel-fractured sandstone under cyclic impact testing at varying confining pressures (4,8,12,16,20 MPa),utilizing the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) for experimentation.The primary aim of this study is to examine how cyclic loading affects the dynamic response and damage evolution of fractured rock masses.The experimental design involves subjecting parallel-fractured sandstone specimens to multiple impact cycles,with confining pressure varied across different levels.The results of the cyclic impact tests indicate that,under a constant confining pressure,the dynamic peak stress of fractured sandstone progressively decreases as the number of cycles increases.The relationship between peak stress and the number of cycles is found to be linearly negative,demonstrating a consistent reduction in the rock’s capacity to endure dynamic loading over time.Furthermore,the study explores the effects of varying confining pressures on the dynamic behavior of fractured sandstone.The findings reveal that as confining pressure increases,the peak stress initially rises and subsequently declines,suggesting that moderate confining pressures enhance resistance to dynamic loading.The maximum number of cycles required to reach failure occurs at a confining pressure of 12 MPa,indicating an optimal confining pressure for the sandstone’s resistance to cyclic impact prior to failure.This observation underscores the critical role of confining pressure in regulating damage accumulation and failure processes in fractured rock masses.Additionally,the study investigates energy dissipation during the cyclic impact process.Throughout the duration of the test,the proportion of reflected energy exhibits a continuous decline,decreasing from 27% to 12%,which constitutes a reduction of approximately 15%.Conversely,the proportion of transmitted energy demonstrates a steady increase,ranging from 41% to 55%,indicating an increase of 14%.The proportion of absorbed energy remains relatively stable,fluctuating between 33% and 35%,with minimal influence from variations in both confining pressure and the number of cycles.This consistent behavior of absorbed energy implies that the intrinsic energy absorption capacity of fractured sandstone remains stable regardless of the loading conditions.The progression of damage in fractured sandstone is also a central focus of this study.Cumulative damage increases progressively with the number of cycles,with the maximum cumulative damage recorded under cyclic impact at confining pressures of 4 to 16 MPa ranging between 0.137 and 0.165.The highest cumulative damage (0.165) is observed at a confining pressure of 4 MPa,whereas the lowest damage (0.092) is noted under a confining pressure of 20 MPa.The findings of this study indicate that lower confining pressures expedite the accumulation of damage,whereas higher confining pressures lead to a more gradual progression of damage.The research concludes that the rate of damage accumulation in fractured sandstone is accelerated during the initial impact phase and as failure approaches.Importantly,the damage incurred during a single impact is relatively substantial,underscoring the necessity of regulating both confining pressure and cyclic impact cycles to mitigate excessive damage and prevent premature failure.These results provide valuable insights into the dynamic behavior of fractured rock masses under cyclic loading,offering practical guidance for assessing the stability of underground rock masses subjected to similar loading conditions,such as those encountered in mining or tunneling operations.
当前,循环荷载下的岩石力学性质研究正逐渐成为领域热点。国际上一些学者采用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)实验装置,探究了循环冲击作用下岩石的逐渐损伤与断裂过程,揭示了岩石的动态应力—应变关系、累积损伤程度与冲击的能量及次数紧密相关(Aben et al.,2016;Li et al.,2018;Braunagel et al.,2019)。国内学者也采用SHPB装置对完整岩石进行了单轴循环冲击试验,并通过改变岩石类型或设定不同的速度梯度,进一步探讨了岩石动态特性对循环冲击响应的机理(金解放,2012;周盛全等,2022;王志亮等,2024)。这些试验为研究岩石的动力学行为提供了宝贵的数据,充分揭示了循环冲击对岩石力学性质的弱化作用及其内部损伤的积累。
然而,以上研究通常未充分考虑岩石中天然裂隙对力学性质的影响。与完整岩石不同,裂隙岩石内部由于存在天然节理裂隙,且部分裂隙存在明显的倾向性,这会使岩石在某些特定方向上更容易发生破裂或滑动,从而导致裂隙岩石在受到外力作用时,其力学特性、损伤和破坏规律与完整岩石有所不同(张科等,2018;牛亮等,2020;王程程等,2020)。裂隙岩石的力学响应不仅受到裂隙倾角、裂隙数量和裂隙间距等因素的影响,还受到动载环境的复杂变化的作用(李地元等,2017;Rui et al.,2024)。与静载荷作用下的破坏模式不同,动载荷作用下,裂隙岩石的破坏模式可能表现为裂隙之间的直接穿透,尤其是存在多条裂隙的情况下(Zhao et al.,2022)。
此外,在深部地下工程中,岩石不仅受裂隙的影响,还受到上覆岩层压力的作用。天然地下岩层通常处于裂隙与围压共同作用下,这使得岩石的力学行为更加复杂。部分学者结合围压和裂隙因素开展了三轴静力学试验研究,结果表明围压能够抑制裂隙面的劣化,随着围压的增加,岩石的破坏模式逐渐从裂隙主导转变为围压主导(许可等,2023;王春萍等,2024)。但也有部分研究表明围压过大会发生“逆围压效应”,即围压越大,强度劣化越明显(任建喜等,2023)。然而,尽管已有研究考虑了裂隙和围压的影响,但在岩石动力学领域,针对裂隙和围压共同作用下岩石力学特性的研究仍然较少。少数学者通过研究发现动载荷作用下围压会抑制裂纹的滑移,使裂隙试件呈现剪切破坏(You et al.,2022)。
试验中使用的砂岩均来自同一均匀完整岩块,经过岩芯取样机取芯,再利用打磨机将两端面打磨平整,校正平整度后得到直径为50 mm、高度为50 mm的国际标准圆柱体试样,砂岩的基本物理力学参数如表1所示。由于砂岩的裂隙角度不同导致砂岩力学性质存在一定差异,Ping et al.(2022)曾采用SHPB装置对含有不同倾角裂隙的砂岩进行了冲击压缩试验,得出45°裂隙角是最佳的脆性角。Zhang et al.(2023)通过对平行裂隙花岗岩进行动力学试验,发现45°裂隙倾角岩石的外部抗冲击能力最小。
在冲击荷载下,岩体内会产生新的裂纹,在循环冲击下新裂纹逐渐积累并扩大。由惠更斯原理可知,岩体内裂纹的产生会导致其内部结构面增加,致使声波经过岩体时会发生更多的反射、散射甚至绕射等现象,从而延长了声波的传播路径,降低了波的传播速度。因此,在一定程度下可以依据波速判别爆破后的岩体损伤(Zhu et al.,2021;李满等,2023)。
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