In the context of the global rare earth supply dynamics,it is of strategic importance to identify and analyze the driving factors influencing the value chain reconstruction of China’s rare earth industry to ensure the security of the nation’s industrial and supply chains.Utilizing the theoretical framework of national competitive advantage and employing the DEMATEL-ISM model,this study identifies and categorizes the driving factors impacting the reconfiguration of the rare earth value chain.The findings of this study can be summarized as follows:(1) Rare-earth enterprises have historically occupied a position at the lower end of the industrial value chain,which constitutes the fundamental factor influencing the reconfiguration of the value chain within China’s rare-earth industry.(2) The primary drivers affecting the reconstruction of the value chain in the rare-earth sector include the intrinsic motivation of rare-earth enterprises,the imbalance in the supply and demand structure of rare-earth materials,the stringent requirements imposed by dual carbon goals on the industry,and the scarcity of highly skilled professionals specializing in high-end rare-earth technologies.(3) The sustainability of rare earth resource development,the control over both ends of the rare earth value chain,and the significant military and economic importance of rare earths amidst geopolitical competition among major powers are fundamental factors influencing the restructuring of the rare earth industry value chain.In pursuit of this objective,it is essential to expedite the development of advanced productive capacities in the rare earth sector,establish a high-quality modern industrial system for rare earths,and further enhance the sector’s openness to international markets.A comprehensive assessment of the strategic value of rare earths is required,alongside increased policy support,to facilitate the restructuring of the value chain and promote the high-quality development of China’s rare earth industry.
国家竞争优势理论(National Competitive Advan-tage Theory),由战略管理学大师迈克尔·波特于1990年提出,用于衡量一国行业竞争优势及价值体系,其主要内涵为:决定一个国家某种产业竞争力的直接因素包括企业战略结构和同业竞争、要素禀赋、需求状况以及相关和支持行业4个双向作用因素。此外,还存在机会和政府两大变数,共同构成形如“钻石”结构的理论体系(Li et al.,2019)(图1)。本文在充分借鉴Stejskal et al.(2012)、张旭等(2022)和叶前林等(2024)做法的基础上,结合我国稀土产业价值链规模、分工地位、使命任务和管理体制机制等实际情况,借助运用国家竞争优势理论,深度剖析稀土产业价值链重构的驱动因素。
DEMATEL模型,即决策试验与评价实验室法,是一种基于图论和矩阵分析的系统方法,该模型通过构建逻辑关系矩阵,量化各要素间的影响,进而计算原因度和中心度,以识别要素间的因果联系和系统内各要素的相对地位(李慧等,2020)。解释结构模型(ISM)则通过构建可达矩阵,构造递阶层次结构图,划分各影响因素的等级。因此,对DEMATEL和ISM 模型进行集成,将有助于系统、科学分析各驱动因素间的因果关系,并进一步对中国稀土产业价值链重构驱动各因素的相对重要性及逻辑结构进行研究,探讨其形成机制。因此,下文将基于国家竞争优势理论分析识别结果,在吸收借鉴Srivastava et al.(2021)、Yadav et al.(2022)、Shakeri et al.(2020)和刘明菲等(2020)做法的基础上,构建DEMATEL-ISM模型,进一步探讨各驱动因素间的逻辑结构,具体步骤如下:
步骤1:构建初始影响矩阵。共邀请50位稀土选采、冶炼、稀土功能材料等相关领域的企事业单位人员,以及从事稀土国际贸易、产业价值链等研究领域的专家学者,组成群决策小组对上述8个驱动因素进行打分。单因素打分存在5个等级:0表示无影响,1表示轻微影响,2表示一般影响,3表示强影响,4表示极强影响。取得分均值建立直接影响矩阵 X (表2)。
步骤2:计算标准化矩阵。参照式(1),对直接影响矩阵 X 进行归一化处理,形成标准化直接影响矩阵 A,如表3所示。
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