The extraction of mineral resources through techniques such as the room-and-pillar method in underground metal mines results in the formation of numerous goafs,which can readily lead to pillar deformation and roof collapse,thereby creating significant safety hazards.Furthermore,the collapse of goafs can induce mining-related seismic events,water inrush,and mud inrush,posing substantial risks to both personnel and equipment.Conducting precise risk assessments of goaf stability is fundamental for comprehending and managing these risks,which is essential for effective disaster prevention and mitigation.Consequently,performing precise stability risk assessments for goaves is crucial for effective risk management.Addressing the complexities posed by numerous influencing factors and the challenges associated with quantitative assessment in goaf stability analysis,this study introduces a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation approach that integrates the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) methodologies.Initially,the factors influencing goaf stability were identified through a comprehensive approach involving field investigations,literature review,and consultations with experts.An initial screening process identified fifteen risk factors associated with rock mass structure,goaf morphology,and environmental impact.Subsequently,twelve critical risk factors were determined,encompassing geological structure,rock mass properties,in-situ stress,groundwater conditions,goaf volume,shape,span,temporal effects,effects of adjacent goafs,mining disturbances,support conditions,and natural disasters.This led to the development of a systematic framework for evaluating goaf stability.Utilizing DEMATEL and ISM analysis,this study investigated the intricate interrelationships among influencing factors to develop a hierarchical framework for goaf stability determinants.An oriented hierarchical structure diagram was constructed to facilitate the classification and weighting of these factors,enabling the calculation of each factor’s significance within the evaluation system.Subsequently,these weights were integrated into a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation system,culminating in the formulation of an innovative model for assessing and grading goaf stability.This model provides management guidelines from an intrinsic safety standpoint,with the objective of fundamentally mitigating the risk of accidents. Through a case study of the 36-2 goaf at the 930-meter level of a lead-zinc mine,the primary influencing factors and direct causes of goaf instability were identified,and the complexity of goaf incidents was thoroughly analyzed.Consequently,the goaf received a stability evaluation rating of “good”. In conclusion,the stability of the goaf was analyzed using the FLAC3D numerical simulation software.A mine-scale FLAC3D model was developed to assess the differential stress distribution and failure mechanisms of the rock mass above the goaf,thereby validating the accuracy of the goaf stability classification model.The findings indicate that the goaf stability evaluation model introduced in this study demonstrates high applicability and accuracy.This method mitigates subjectivity in the weight determination process inherent in traditional fuzzy comprehensive evaluation techniques,while simultaneously accounting for a comprehensive range of factors influencing goaf stability.Consequently,this research offers a novel approach to evaluating goaf stability,which may serve as a valuable reference for the stability assessment of goafs in metal mining contexts.
国内外学者提出多种方法对采空区稳定性进行评价,如经验分析、理论分析、数值模拟分析和相似模拟试验等方法(Guo et al.,2019;Jiang et al.,2021;Zhao et al.,2021)。其中,经验分析法凭借实践经验对采空区稳定性进行定性评判,虽然具有一定的实用性,但缺乏精确性和系统性的量化依据。在理论分析法中,蔡泳等(2022)基于Burgers蠕变模型和弹性薄板模型,构建采空区三维蠕变力学模型,推导得到顶板下沉位移量随时间变化的表达式并用于采空区顶板稳定性研究,该方法更侧重于力学计算,对于多种因素作用的采空区顶板稳定与破坏机制的研究认识存在不足。Hu et al.(2012)选用岩石单轴抗压强度、岩石弹性模量等9项指标,基于多元判别分析方法提出了复杂采空区危险程度辨识的贝叶斯判别方法,该方法整合多因素信息,从统计学角度对采空区危险程度进行量化区分,提升了评价的科学性与准确性,但评价过程需要获取大量的现场数据, 且依赖的数学理论模型较为单一,处理高度非线性问题时存在局限性。何标庆(2018)采用数值模拟计算分析采空区群稳定性状况,确定了安全隐患和危险区域;李俊平等(2005)借助相似模拟试验,研究下凹地形采空区顶板自然垮落的最小跨度、移动角和垮落角,揭示了采空区顶板自然垮落特征。模拟手段使抽象的采空区垮落现象得以在实验室环境中呈现并量化研究,但这些方法在模型构建和影响因素选取上仍存在局限性,如难以精准模拟复杂地质条件,影响因素选取不够全面等。
模糊综合评价法是基于模糊数学的评价方法(柯丽华等,2023),用于处理具有模糊性或不确定性因素的评价问题。通过构建模糊集和隶属度函数,将不确定性信息转化为可量化的模糊指标,进而开展综合评价。决策与实验室分析(DEMATEL)是利用图论和矩阵论的原理对系统的影响因素进行分析,确定要素间的因果关系和每个要素在系统中的地位(Dalvi-Esfahani et al.,2019)。郭慧敏等(2023)运用DEMATEL方法分析瓦斯爆炸各致因之间的相互影响关系,并结合ISM对事故致因进行多级递阶层次结构划分,分析导致事故发生的原因要素和结果要素并提出相应的对策措施。解释结构模型(ISM)是一种专为分析系统的相关问题而设计的层级结构分析方法,运用有向图、矩阵、计算机技术和经验知识来分析复杂系统的结构(Warfield et al.,1974)。通过集成DEMATEL和ISM,能够降低ISM中可达矩阵计算的复杂性,减少计算量,使可达矩阵的计算过程变得简单易懂。洪伟斌等(2022)采用DEMATEL和ISM对煤矿透水事故影响因素进行分析,确定了诱发煤矿透水事故的关键因素并提出了对应的管理措施。将DEMATEL-ISM应用于复杂系统中各影响因素之间的相互作用关系分析,能够找出诱发事故的直接影响因素和根本影响因素,并区分影响因素的重要程度。
(4)计算各因素的影响度D、被影响度C、中心度M和原因度R。影响度是指综合影响矩阵 T 中各行值之和(Liu et al.,2023),表示该因素对所有其他因素的影响程度,记为Di,被影响度是指综合影响矩阵 T 中各列值之和,表示该因素受其他要素影响的程度,记为Ci;中心度表示该因素在评价体系中的位置及其所起作用的大小,由要素i的影响度和被影响度相加,记为Mi,原因度表示该因素对系统内其他因素的影响程度与其受到其他因素的影响程度之间的差异,由要素i的影响度和被影响度相减得到,记为Ri。计算公式为
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