The isolation layer is integral to ensuring safe production during the coordinated open-pit and underground mining processes.By determining an accurate and appropriate thickness of the isolation layer at the initial stage of mining,the detrimental effects of rock dynamic disasters and blasting vibrations on goafs and roadways can be effectively mitigated,thereby safeguarding the safety and stability of mining operations.This study examines the Shizhuyuan polymetallic mine as a case study to elucidate the influence of various factors on determining the safe thickness of the isolation layer and to establish a more rational safety threshold for coordinated open-pit and underground mining.Factors such as rock physical and mechanical properties,goaf span,and blasting vibration were considered in calculating the safe thickness of the isolation layer using both static and dynamic loading methods.Initially,five traditional theoretical calculation methods,mathematical analysis techniques,and small deformation thin plate theory formulas relevant to the Shizhuyuan mine were employed for preliminary calculations.Through the process of averaging and fitting the data,a functional relationship was established between the goaf span and the thickness of the isolation layer under static loading conditions.Subsequently,utilizing six sets of field blasting vibration data,a modified Sadovsky formula was developed.By considering the actual mining requirements and the influence of rock mass gravity,the safety thickness of the isolation layer under conditions of blasting vibration was determined.A comparative analysis was then performed to evaluate the safety thickness values obtained under static and dynamic loading conditions.The findings indicate that blasting vibration is the predominant factor affecting the determination of the safe thickness of the isolation layer at the Shizhuyuan mine.In alignment with relevant national standards for coordinated open-pit and underground mining,the recommended safe thickness of the isolation layer for the Shizhuyuan mine is established at 50 meters.This study offers a practical and scientifically robust methodology for determining the safety thickness of isolation layers by integrating theoretical calculations with empirical field test data,while thoroughly accounting for the effects of blasting vibrations.The research provides a significant reference point for the design of analogous mining operations and the determination of safe isolation layer thickness in coordinated open-pit and underground mining contexts.
目前国内外学者研究得到的隔离层安全厚度计算方法众多,主要采用半定量分析方法和数值模拟法进行隔离层安全厚度计算(刘希灵等,2012)。例如:采用多种半定量分析计算方法与ANSYS数值模拟计算方法相结合确定采空区跨度与隔离层安全厚度之间的关系(岩小明等,2006),或将薄板理论与现场采样数据推导得到的隔离层厚度计算公式代入矿山三维模型中,利用FLAC3D数值模拟软件对计算公式进行验证(Zhao et al.,2021)。国外学者仅通过有限元数值模拟方法研究采空区岩体的受力状态及稳定性,得到了特定矿山采空区顶板厚度与跨度之间的安全值规律,从而达成计算目的(Freidin et al.,2008)。除此之外,定量化分析计算隔离层安全厚度也具备可研究性。如在半定量化分析方法基础上,结合极限分析法与弹性小变形薄板理论分析方法(徐何来,2014)或运用模糊统计法,构建基于指标相对频次权重算法和评价指标各等级隶属度函数的采空区稳定性评价模型(柯丽华等,2023),从而完成隔离层安全厚度的定量化分析。
随着矿山开采进程的推进,露天开采与地下开采的联系越来越紧密,爆破振动逐渐成为隔离层安全厚度计算过程中一个不容忽视的因素。现有研究中主要利用萨道夫斯基公式和数值模拟方法研究爆破振动规律,并对质点峰值振动速度的安全标准进行确定(Jiang et al.,2012),从而通过爆破振动规律与安全标准的关系,计算不同最大单响药量下的隔离层安全厚度(马俊荣等,2015)。近年来,爆破振动规律研究开始考虑爆点与测点之间的高度差对质点峰值振动速度的影响规律(Li et al.,2023),然而并未有研究将其应用于隔离层安全厚度的计算中。现有的矿山隔离层安全厚度计算方法主要考虑岩石物理力学性质,而对爆破振动因素的考虑较少且方法不够成熟。
根据矿区露天采坑最终境界和采场模型图(图1),柿竹园矿山的露天开采境界较为广泛,位于露天境界内的地下开采矿体包括东部 514~610 m 之间矿体、西部 536~610 m之间矿体和中部490 m以上北部矿体(吴奇等,2022)。在矿山中部和西部区域,主要采用崩落法开采矿体,开采过程中隔离层发生塌陷,采空区被充填;而在东部区域,地下开采主要以回采方式开采存窿矿及主采区的残矿,并在塌陷区附近存在着大大小小的暗空区。因此,东部区域符合露天地下协同开采,将东部 514~610 m 采场及上部露天作业区作为本文隔离层安全厚度的研究对象进行计算。
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