CHA2DS2-VASc评分与心房颤动患者主动脉钙化的相关性及性别特异性预测价值

吴甜 ,  石灿 ,  连慧琳 ,  陈松华 ,  张思仪 ,  郭韧 ,  李筱旻 ,  李岱

中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (6) : 1173 -1180.

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中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (6) : 1173 -1180. DOI: 10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250379
专题研究

CHA2DS2-VASc评分与心房颤动患者主动脉钙化的相关性及性别特异性预测价值

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Association between CHA2DS2-VASc score and aortic calcification in patients with atrial fibrillation and its sex-specific predictive value

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摘要

背景与目的 主动脉钙化是心血管不良事件及主动脉疾病的重要危险因素,但其在心房颤动(AF)患者中的风险评估工具仍有限。CHA2DS2-VASc评分广泛用于AF患者卒中风险评估,其与主动脉钙化之间的关系尚未明确。本研究探讨CHA2DS2-VASc评分与AF患者主动脉钙化的相关性及其预测价值。 方法 回顾性纳入2015年2月—2022年2月在中南大学湘雅三医院接受胸部非增强多层螺旋CT(MSCT)检查的AF患者1 538例。依据MSCT结果将患者分为主动脉钙化组和非钙化组。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析CHA2DS2-VASc评分预测主动脉钙化的最佳截断值;采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析CHA2DS2-VASc评分与主动脉钙化的独立相关性。 结果 共1 251例(81.3%)患者存在主动脉钙化。钙化组年龄及高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、脑梗死、心力衰竭等危险因素发生率均高于非钙化组(均P<0.05),CHA2DS2-VASc评分亦明显增加[3.0(2.0~4.0)vs. 1.0(0~2.0),P<0.001]。随着CHA2DS2-VASc评分增加,主动脉钙化患病率逐渐升高(P趋势<0.001)。ROC曲线分析显示,男性患者预测主动脉钙化的最佳截断值为评分2(AUC=0.737,95% CI=0.697~0.776),女性患者为评分3(AUC=0.730,95% CI=0.673~0.787)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,CHA2DS2-VASc评分每增加1分,主动脉钙化风险增加91.2%(OR=1.912,95% CI=1.638~2.232,P<0.001)。男性评分≥2(OR=5.528,95% CI=3.240~9.434)及女性评分≥3(OR=9.295,95% CI=4.390~19.681)均为主动脉钙化的独立危险因素(均P<0.001)。 结论 CHA2DS2-VASc评分与AF患者主动脉钙化风险密切相关,且具有良好的预测能力。男性≥2、女性≥3可作为识别主动脉钙化高风险人群的参考界值,为AF患者血管病变风险分层提供简便工具。

Abstract

Background and Aims Aortic calcification is an important risk factor for adverse cardiovascular outcomes and aortic diseases. However, effective tools for assessing the risk of aortic calcification in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) remain limited. The CHA2DS2-VASc score is widely used for stroke risk stratification in AF, but its association with aortic calcification has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the CHA2DS2-VASc score and aortic calcification and to evaluate its predictive value in patients with AF. Methods A total of 1 538 patients with AF who underwent multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) at the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University between February 2015 and February 2022 were retrospectively included. Patients were classified into aortic calcification and non-calcification groups according to MSCT findings. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the optimal cut-off values of the CHA2DS2-VASc score for predicting aortic calcification. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the independent association between the CHA2DS2-VASc score and aortic calcification. Results Aortic calcification was identified in 1 251 patients (81.3%). Compared with the non-calcification group, patients with aortic calcification were older and had higher prevalences of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, cerebral infarction, and heart failure (all P<0.05). The CHA2DS2-VASc score was significantly higher in the calcification group [3.0 (2.0-4.0) vs. 1.0 (0-2.0), P<0.001]. The prevalence of aortic calcification increased progressively with increasing CHA2DS2-VASc scores (P for trend <0.001). ROC analysis demonstrated that the optimal cut-off value was 2 points in men (AUC=0.737, 95% CI=0.697-0.776) and 3 points in women (AUC=0.730, 95% CI=0.673-0.787). Multivariable logistic regression showed that each 1-point increase in the CHA2DS2-VASc score was independently associated with a higher risk of aortic calcification (OR=1.912, 95% CI=1.638-2.232, P<0.001). Male patients with a score ≥2 and female patients with a score ≥3 had significantly increased risks of aortic calcification [OR=5.528 (95% CI=3.240-9.434) and 9.295 (95% CI=4.390-19.681), respectively; both P<0.001]. Conclusion The CHA2DS2-VASc score is significantly associated with the risk of aortic calcification in patients with AF and demonstrates good predictive performance. Sex-specific thresholds of ≥2 for men and ≥3 for women may facilitate risk stratification and early identification of patients at high risk for aortic calcification.

Graphical abstract

关键词

主动脉疾病 / 血管钙化 / CHA2DS2-VASc评分 / 心房颤动 / 危险因素

Key words

Aortic Diseases / Vascular Calcification / Atrial Fibrillation / CHA2DS2-VASc Score / Risk Factors

引用本文

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吴甜,石灿,连慧琳,陈松华,张思仪,郭韧,李筱旻,李岱. CHA2DS2-VASc评分与心房颤动患者主动脉钙化的相关性及性别特异性预测价值[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2026, 35(6): 1173-1180 DOI:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250379

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心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)是一种常见的心律失常,全球患病率为2%~4%[1],其最严重的并发症为缺血性脑卒中[2]。CHA2DS2-VASc评分目前被广泛用于预测AF患者卒中风险及指导抗凝治疗[3-4]。
主动脉钙化作为普通外科领域中与主动脉疾病密切相关的重要病理改变[5-7],其发生、发展与年龄增长、代谢紊乱及传统心血管危险因素密切相关[8-12]。研究表明,AF与主动脉钙化不仅共病率高,且共同涉及CHA2DS2-VASc评分中的多项要素(充血性心力衰竭、高血压、年龄≥75岁、糖尿病、卒中、血管疾病、年龄65~74岁和女性)[13-17],提示二者可能存在共同的病理生理基础。因此,对AF患者进行主动脉钙化评估,不仅对血管外科疾病的早期干预至关重要[18],也为心血管事件的综合风险管理提供了新的视角。然而,CHA2DS2-VASc评分能否直接用于预测主动脉钙化,目前尚不清楚。
本研究旨在通过回顾性队列研究,系统评估CHA2DS2-VASc评分与主动脉钙化程度的相关性及其预测价值,为识别主动脉夹层等血管外科疾病的高危患者、改善AF患者的综合临床管理提供新的评估视角。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

纳入2015年2月—2022年2月在中南大学湘雅三医院因不同临床指征接受胸部非增强多层螺旋CT(multi-slice computed tomography,MSCT)扫描的1 538例确诊AF患者。年龄<18岁或重建图像层厚非5.0 mm或8.0 mm的患者被排除在研究之外。从电子病历中提取患者人口统计学资料、合并症、实验室检查数据和用药信息。本研究对受试者个人健康数据的回顾性分析已获得中南大学湘雅三医院伦理委员会批准(编号:23699),并按照《赫尔辛基宣言》的指导原则进行。由于研究的回顾性性质,经批准豁免书面知情同意。所有患者均进行编码和匿名化处理,以保护个人隐私。

1.2 影像采集

CT扫描使用飞利浦Brilliance 64层MSCT扫描仪(Philips Healthcare,Best,the Netherlands)进行。螺距和机架旋转时间由制造商提供的软件确定。扫描参数为120 kV峰值,管电流根据患者体质量调整。扫描从肺尖开始,向下推进至膈肌水平。出现在右冠状动脉开口至头臂干开口之间的钙化定义为升主动脉钙化;出现在头臂干开口至左锁骨下动脉开口远端之间的钙化定义为主动脉弓钙化;出现在左锁骨下动脉开口远端至膈肌之间的钙化定义为降主动脉钙化。无钙化定义为Agatston评分=0,钙化定义为Agatston评分>0(图1)。所有测量由2名不了解患者临床资料的影像科医师进行,如有歧义,通过讨论达成共识。

1.3 统计学处理

使用SPSS 22.0版软件分析数据。连续变量经Shapiro-Wilk检验评估正态性:符合正态分布的变量以均值±标准差(x¯±s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验(两组)或单因素方差分析(多组);不符合正态分布的变量以中位数(四分位间距)[M(IQR)]表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验(两组)。分类数据以例数(百分比)[n(%)]描述,并采用Pearson χ2检验或Fisher精确检验进行比较。采用单变量和多变量Logistic回归分析CHA2DS2-VASc评分与主动脉钙化的关联。多因素Logistic回归模型中,校正了单因素分析中P<0.05的变量及临床意义重要的协变量。使用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)确定AF患者CHA2DS2-VASc评分的最佳临界值。所有检验均为双侧检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 患者特征

1 538例AF患者中,主动脉钙化组1 251例(81.3%),非钙化组287例(18.7%)。两组患者的人口学特征及临床资料见表1。与非钙化组比较,主动脉钙化组患者年龄更大[70.5(63.0~77.0)岁vs. 54.0(48.0~63.0)岁,P<0.001]。在合并疾病方面,主动脉钙化组高血压病、糖尿病、冠状动脉疾病、心肌梗死、脑梗死、心力衰竭及慢性肾脏病的发生率均明显高于非钙化组(均P<0.05),而两组间男性比例(P=0.107)以及骨质疏松、血脂异常、颈动脉斑块的发生率差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。实验室检查结果显示,与非钙化组比较,主动脉钙化组患者红细胞压积、血红蛋白、白蛋白、总胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白水平较低(均P<0.05),而肌酐和纤维蛋白原水平较高(均P<0.05)。此外,两组患者凝血酶原时间及活化部分凝血活酶时间差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05),但血小板计数、肝功能指标、总蛋白、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、血尿素氮、尿酸、血钙、D-二聚体及凝血酶时间差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。主动脉钙化组CHA2DS2-VASc评分明显高于非钙化组[3.0(2.0~4.0)vs. 1.0(0~2.0),P<0.001]。

2.2 根据CHA2DS2-VASc评分分层的主动脉钙化患病率

CHA2DS2-VASc评分为0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7和8的患者中,主动脉钙化的患病率分别为50.9%、65.5%、81.4%、92.3%、93.3%、97.1%、96.4%、100.0%和100.0%。分析结果显示,在总体、男性和女性中,主动脉钙化的患病率均随着CHA2DS2-VASc评分的增加而明显增加(均P趋势<0.001)(图2)。

2.3 评估CHA2DS2-VASc评分预测主动脉钙化的临界值

不区分性别时,CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥2或≥3评估主动脉钙化的Youden指数和AUC相同,敏感度分别为77.7%和56.4%,特异度分别为64.1%和85.4%,AUC均为0.709(95% CI=0.674~0.744和0.678~0.739)。对男性患者,CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥2评估主动脉钙化的敏感度为71.7%,特异度为75.6%,AUC为0.737(95% CI=0.697~0.776)。对女性患者,CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥3评估主动脉钙化的敏感度为72.9%,特异度为73.1%,AUC为0.730(95% CI=0.673~0.787)(图3)。

2.4 CHA2DS2-VASc评分与主动脉钙化的相关性

多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,在校正年龄、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、心肌梗死、脑梗死、心力衰竭及慢性肾病等混杂因素后,CHA2DS2-VASc评分仍与主动脉钙化独立相关(表2)。总体人群中,CHA2DS2-VASc评分每增加1分,主动脉钙化风险增加91.2%(OR=1.912,95% CI=1.638~2.232,P<0.001)。分层分析显示,该关联在男性(OR=2.090,95% CI=1.672~2.612,P<0.001)和女性(OR=2.053,95% CI=1.561~2.700,P<0.001)中均保持稳定。根据ROC曲线分析确定的最佳截断值进一步分组分析发现,男性CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥2者发生主动脉钙化的风险为评分<2者的5.528倍(95% CI=3.240~9.434,P<0.001);女性CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥3者发生主动脉钙化的风险为评分<3者的9.295倍(95% CI=4.390~19.681,P<0.001)。上述结果提示CHA2DS2-VASc评分不仅与主动脉钙化显著相关,而且具有较好的风险分层能力。

3 讨 论

本研究表明,CHA2DS2-VASc评分较高的患者主动脉钙化风险显著增加。男性预测主动脉钙化的CHA2DS2-VASc临界值为2,女性为3,提示CHA2DS2-VASc评分不仅可用于评估卒中风险,还能作为预测主动脉钙化的重要工具。

主动脉钙化不仅是全身动脉硬化的标志,也是主动脉瘤和主动脉夹层等血管外科急重症的独立危险因素。钙化通过破坏主动脉壁中层结构完整性,显著降低血管弹性模量,导致局部应力分布异常—这既是主动脉瘤扩张的生物力学基础,也是夹层撕裂的常见起始位点[11, 19-20]。值得注意的是,CHA2DS2-VASc评分中的年龄、高血压等因素同样被纳入美国血管外科学会主动脉瘤治疗指南的危险分层标准[21],提示本评分可能成为血管外科术前风险评估的补充工具。

AF与主动脉钙化之间的关联已在近年受到学界关注,二者可能存在相互促进的病理联系。流行病学研究显示,AF患者主动脉钙化的发生率显著升高[22]。在合并AF的血液透析患者中,96%存在不同程度钙化,其中76%的患者主动脉钙化长度>10 cm,而窦性心律患者仅为33%。本研究发现,AF患者主动脉钙化总体发生率为81.3%,与上述文献结果相符,进一步支持AF与主动脉钙化之间可能存在互为因果、相互促进的病理生理联系。一方面,AF可通过多重机制促进主动脉钙化进展。AF所致的心律失常及心房有效收缩功能丧失,可引起长期血流动力学紊乱与左心房压力升高,从而增加主动脉壁的机械应力;这一过程可能进一步诱发内皮功能障碍、局部炎症反应激活及钙磷代谢失衡,共同促使钙盐在血管壁异常沉积[23]。另一方面,主动脉钙化亦可能反向参与AF的发生与维持。主动脉根部及升主动脉钙化可导致主动脉僵硬度增加,影响心脏后负荷与冠状动脉血流,进而间接影响心房结构与电重构;尤其是主动脉根部钙化可能通过解剖相邻区域的直接机械牵张作用,干扰心房电传导稳定性,形成AF发生的解剖-电生理基质[22, 24-25]。值得关注的是,AF与主动脉钙化并存可能对临床预后产生叠加影响。研究表明,合并AF的主动脉瘤患者更易出现瘤体快速增长,且在接受腔内修复术后发生内漏等并发症的发生风险也相对增高[26-27]。因此,在AF患者的综合管理中,积极筛查与评估主动脉钙化状况,同时在处理主动脉病变时充分考虑AF的存在及其影响,对改善患者预后具有重要临床意义。

内脏动脉灌注不足被认为是吻合口漏的重要病理机制,主动脉钙化作为血管病变的重要标志物,在多种普通外科手术中与术后吻合口漏的发生显著相关。一项纳入2 002例胃肠切除吻合手术患者的Meta研究[28]表明,主动脉钙化程度可能与胃肠手术后吻合口漏的发生相关(尤其在食管切除术患者中),这一关联在良恶性疾病中均得到证实[29-31]。这些发现提示术前CT评估血管钙化程度应纳入外科手术风险评估体系,尤其对于高龄、糖尿病等血管钙化高危人群,需制定个体化的手术方案和围手术期管理策略。

尽管本研究取得重要发现,但本研究为单中心回顾性研究,存在选择偏倚风险且人群异质性不足可能限制结果的外推性;本研究仅依据胸部CT判定主动脉钙化有无,未进一步定量分析钙化负荷及不同主动脉节段钙化程度;同时缺乏随访资料,无法评估CHA2DS2-VASc评分与主动脉钙化进展及临床终点事件之间的关系。未来仍需开展前瞻性、多中心研究进一步验证本研究结果。

总之,本研究首次发现CHA2DS2-VASc评分能有效预测AF患者的主动脉钙化风险,并确立性别特异性界值(男≥2,女≥3)。该结论将传统血栓评分拓展至血管结构性病变评估领域,为临床识别高危患者提供了简易工具。未来需前瞻性地验证其临床效用,探索基于该评分的综合管理策略。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金资助项目(82504928)

湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2025JJ50666)

湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2025JJ50595)

湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2024JJ8154)

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