胃食管反流病炎症-氧化应激信号网络及分层药物干预研究进展

肖丹 ,  李智 ,  何恒正

中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (6) : 1261 -1268.

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中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (6) : 1261 -1268. DOI: 10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.260273
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胃食管反流病炎症-氧化应激信号网络及分层药物干预研究进展

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Research progress in the inflammation-oxidative stress signaling network and stratified therapeutic interventions for gastroesophageal reflux disease

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摘要

胃食管反流病(GERD)是一种常见的慢性消化系统疾病,其发病机制不仅涉及胃酸及胆汁反流导致的黏膜损伤,还与炎症反应和氧化应激的持续激活密切相关。近年来研究发现,反流刺激可诱导食管上皮屏障破坏及活性氧(ROS)过度生成,并通过TLR4/MyD88、NF-κB、MAPK、Nrf2及IL-6/JAK/STAT3等信号通路形成炎症与氧化应激相互促进的病理网络,推动疾病持续进展及Barrett食管形成。本文系统综述GERD炎症反应与氧化应激相关信号通路的研究进展,并结合疾病演变过程,构建“炎症启动-信号放大-氧化应激失衡-慢性重塑”的分层调控模式,对各阶段关键分子事件及其相互作用进行梳理。同时,本文结合质子泵抑制剂、钾离子竞争性酸阻滞剂、黏膜保护剂,以及针对炎症和氧化应激相关靶点的新型干预策略,阐述其作用机制及研究现状。该分层调控模式有助于深化对GERD发病机制的认识,并为机制导向的精准治疗和新药研发提供理论依据。

Abstract

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common chronic digestive disorder whose pathogenesis involves not only reflux-induced mucosal injury caused by gastric acid and bile acids but also persistent activation of inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. Emerging evidence indicates that reflux stimulation disrupts the esophageal epithelial barrier and promotes excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to the activation of multiple signaling pathways, including TLR4/MyD88, NF-κB, MAPK, Nrf2, and IL-6/JAK/STAT3. These pathways interact to form an inflammation-oxidative stress network that drives disease progression and Barrett's esophagus development. This review summarizes recent advances in inflammation- and oxidative stress-related signaling pathways in GERD and proposes a stage-specific regulatory model consisting of inflammation initiation, signal amplification, oxidative stress imbalance, and chronic remodeling. Key molecular events and their interactions during disease progression are discussed. In addition, current and emerging therapeutic strategies, including proton pump inhibitors, potassium-competitive acid blockers, mucosal protective agents, and pathway-targeted interventions, are reviewed with respect to their mechanisms of action and research status. This stage-specific regulatory framework may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of GERD and offer a theoretical basis for mechanism-based precision therapy and future drug development.

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关键词

胃食管反流病 / 炎症反应 / 氧化性应激 / 药物疗法 / 综述

Key words

Gastroesophageal Reflux / Inflammation / Oxidative Stress / Drug Therapy / Review

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肖丹,李智,何恒正. 胃食管反流病炎症-氧化应激信号网络及分层药物干预研究进展[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2026, 35(6): 1261-1268 DOI:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.260273

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胃食管反流病(gastroesophageal reflux disease,GERD)是一种常见的慢性消化系统疾病,症状包括反酸、烧心等,严重时可引发反流性食管炎或Barrett食管。传统的病因学观点认为,GERD主要是胃酸和胆汁反流对食管黏膜的直接损伤[1]。然而,随着研究的深入,发现炎症反应和氧化应激在疾病进程中发挥着关键作用,提示单一的抑酸治疗无法完全控制疾病的进展。因此,本文提出基于“炎症-氧化应激”信号网络的分层干预策略,旨在为GERD的治疗提供新的思路。
研究[2]表明,食管上皮细胞不仅是反流刺激的被动受损靶细胞,还可主动参与炎症反应调控。反流刺激可诱导炎症因子释放及活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)生成,激活NF-κB、MAPK、Nrf2等多条信号通路[3],并形成炎症反应与氧化应激相互促进的病理网络,共同导致食管屏障破坏及疾病持续进展[4]。因此,GERD的发生发展并非单纯酸依赖过程,单一抑酸治疗[5]难以完全控制疾病进展,深入阐明相关信号通路并探索分层干预策略具有重要意义。

1 GERD氧化应激与炎症反应的分层调控机制

GERD的病理机制复杂,涉及反流刺激、食管屏障破坏、炎症反应及氧化应激等因素[6]。根据现有研究,食管上皮细胞在反流刺激下可通过激活TLR4/MyD88、NF-κB等信号通路启动局部炎症反应,并与氧化应激相互耦合,推动疾病进展。结合图1所示机制,可将其概括为四个连续但相互交织的阶段:炎症启动、信号放大、氧化应激失衡及慢性重塑。

1.1 炎症启动阶段:反流刺激与上皮屏障破坏

在炎症启动阶段,反流刺激对食管上皮屏障的直接损伤是核心机制。反流物中的胃酸、胆汁酸及胃蛋白酶等成分通过破坏食管上皮细胞的紧密连接蛋白,导致食管黏膜通透性显著增加[7]。并诱导损伤相关分子模式(damage-associated molecular pattern,DAMP)的释放,从而激活TLR4/MyD88等模式识别受体,使食管上皮细胞启动NF-κB信号通路,IKK复合体被激活,促进IκB降解并释放p50/p65二聚体,诱导释放包括IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α在内的促炎细胞因子。这些细胞因子的释放促进了中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞等免疫细胞向食管黏膜的浸润,形成局部炎症微环境[8-9]。

1.2 信号放大阶段:炎症因子的释放与氧化应激的交互

随着炎症反应进一步发展,免疫细胞浸润后释放的炎症因子和蛋白酶进一步激活局部炎症反应。NF-κB和MAPK通路激活在放大炎症反应中起到核心作用[10-11]。NF-κB通路持续被激活,并通过炎症因子的自分泌与旁分泌作用进一步放大炎症信号[12]。同时,MAPK通路(包括ERK、JNK及p38)在ASK1/TAK1介导下被激活,并与NF-κB形成协同调控网络,共同促进IL-6、IL-8及TNF-α等炎症因子的持续释放,从而实现炎症信号的级联放大。此外,这一阶段开始伴随ROS生成增加,提示炎症反应与氧化应激之间的耦合逐渐建立[11,13]。

1.3 氧化应激失衡阶段:ROS与NF-κB、MAPK信号通路的反馈

在生理条件下,Nrf2与Keap1结合维持失活状态,增强细胞清除ROS的能力[14-15]。而在氧化应激条件下,Nrf2从Keap1复合物中解离,并诱导HO-1、NQO1等抗氧化酶的表达。在GERD进展过程中,Nrf2通路的功能逐渐减弱,抗氧化能力下降,导致ROS清除失衡[16]。ROS持续积累在此时不仅加剧局部组织损伤,还通过激活NF-κB和MAPK信号通路,形成“炎症-氧化应激”正反馈循环。过量的ROS不断激活这些信号通路,从而加剧炎症持续化与组织损伤[17]。

1.4 慢性重塑阶段:上皮异常增殖与Barrett食管的形成

长期慢性炎症环境下,IL-6持续高表达通过激活JAK激酶诱导STAT3磷酸化来调控细胞增殖及抗凋亡相关基因表达[18],促进上皮异常修复与增殖。随着上皮细胞增殖的持续、食管黏膜的重塑以及腺体化生的风险增加,进而促进Barrett食管形成[19]。Barrett食管形成是GERD由急性炎症向慢性病理改变转化的重要标志,也是癌前病变的基础[20]。在这一阶段,TLR4/MyD88通路和MAPK通路继续发挥作用,进一步推动炎症放大和细胞增殖的过程[21]。

综上,信号通路在GERD中的作用具有明显的阶段特异性[22]:TLR4/MyD88介导炎症启动,NF-κB及MAPK驱动炎症放大,ROS持续积累形成炎症氧化应激正反馈循环,而Nrf2维持氧化还原稳态,IL-6/STAT3参与慢性重塑。该分层调控模式提示,GERD本质上是一种由炎症与氧化应激耦合驱动的动态网络性疾病,而非单一通路异常[23]。

2 基于炎症-氧化应激信号网络的分层药物干预策略

GERD的发生发展涉及反流刺激、上皮屏障破坏、炎症反应及氧化应激等多个连续病理环节[24]。现行治疗仍以抑酸为核心,但对炎症持续及氧化应激失衡等下游病理过程调控有限,因此部分患者疗效欠佳[25]。近年来,随着GERD发病机制研究不断深入,治疗理念逐渐由单一抑酸向基于病理机制的分层干预转变。依据疾病进展特点,可将药物干预概括为炎症启动、炎症放大、氧化应激[18]及慢性重塑四个阶段[26],分别对应反流控制、炎症抑制、氧化应激调控及组织重塑阻断等不同治疗目标。

2.1 炎症启动阶段干预:反流控制与屏障稳定

在GERD病理进程中,炎症启动阶段的干预应通过抑酸治疗和黏膜保护剂来减少反流物对食管的直接损伤。抑酸治疗主要通过质子泵抑制剂(proton pump inhibitor,PPI)减少胃酸分泌,避免化学性损伤,而黏膜保护剂如硫糖铝(sucralfate)通过修复屏障减少炎症信号输入。

2.1.1 抑酸治疗:反流刺激的上游控制(对应TLR4激活前阶段)

抑酸治疗主要通过降低胃酸暴露来减少反流对食管的直接损伤。代表药物PPI通过不可逆抑制胃壁细胞H⁺/K⁺-ATP酶活性,从而显著减少胃酸分泌,是目前推荐的一线治疗药物[27]。常用药物包括奥美拉唑、埃索美拉唑等,这一疗法尤其对减少化学性损伤具有显著效果,但对炎症反应及氧化应激的调控有限,临床上仍有部分患者对PPI治疗反应不佳,表现为症状持续或复发,尤其在非糜烂性反流疾病(non-erosive reflux disease,NERD)及难治性GERD中更为常见[28]。此外,长期应用PPI可能与潜在不良反应相关,其合理用药及个体化调整仍需重视[29]。在此基础上,钾离子竞争性酸阻滞剂(potassium-competitive acid blockers,P-CAB)作为新型抑酸药物,近年来逐渐应用于临床[30-31]。该类药物通过竞争性结合H⁺/K⁺-ATP酶的钾离子位点发挥作用[32],代表性药物如伏诺拉生,具有起效迅速、抑酸作用稳定且不依赖胃内酸性环境激活等特点[33]。与PPI相比,P-CAB可在更短时间内实现更强且更持久的胃酸抑制,尤其在夜间酸突破及PPI疗效不佳的患者中显示出一定优势[34]。然而,其长期安全性及在不同GERD亚型中的应用价值仍有待进一步临床研究明确。

2.1.2 黏膜保护:上皮屏障稳定与炎症启动抑制(对应TLR4/NF-κB早期激活)

黏膜保护剂主要通过增强食管上皮屏障功能,减少反流物对黏膜的进一步损伤[35]。它们通过稳定紧密连接结构并改善局部微环境来减少炎症信号的输入。常用药物硫糖铝可在黏膜表面形成保护性屏障,减少胃酸及胆汁对食管上皮的直接损伤[36-37],尤其适用于NERD或症状持续患者[38]。尽管这些药物可在一定程度上辅助修复屏障和减轻症状,但它们无法直接调控炎症信号通路,因此更适合作为联合治疗策略的一部分[39]。

2.2 炎症放大阶段干预:NF-κB/MAPK信号通路调控

在炎症放大阶段,白藜芦醇被证实可通过抑制NF-κB p65的核转位及p38 MAPK的磷酸化,显著降低炎症因子表达,进而减轻食管黏膜损伤[40-41]。然而,目前相关研究仍主要集中于细胞及动物模型,缺乏高质量临床证据支持,其在GERD患者中的疗效及安全性仍有待进一步验证。

2.3 氧化应激阶段干预:ROS/Nrf2信号通路调控

抗氧化治疗实验研究显示,N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine,NAC)通过清除ROS并恢复谷胱甘肽水平减轻氧化损伤[42];白藜芦醇则可通过激活Nrf2通路实现抗氧化与抗炎双重调控[43],并在动物模型中表现出黏膜保护作用。目前抗氧化治疗在临床应用中仍处于探索阶段,单一抗氧化干预难以完全阻断炎症-氧化应激网络,但其作为联合治疗策略的重要组成部分具有潜在价值。

2.4 慢性重塑阶段干预:IL-6/JAK/STAT3信号通路调控

慢性炎症及组织重塑阶段通过抑制IL-6/JAK/STAT3信号通路的活性,可以有效抑制上皮细胞的异常增殖并促进其凋亡,防止Barrett食管的形成[18]。针对JAK/STAT通路的小分子抑制剂在炎症性疾病及肿瘤治疗中已取得一定进展,可能成为未来治疗GERD的潜在策略。此外,TLR4拮抗剂亦显示出一定实验基础[44]。

因此,不同药物在GERD病理过程中的作用环节存在差异,后续临床应用仍需结合指南推荐和患者表型进行个体化选择。为便于比较不同病理阶段的关键机制、潜在干预靶点及代表性药物,本文对GERD相关药物干预策略进行了归纳总结(表1)。后续各部分将围绕不同病理阶段分别进行阐述。

3 国内外治疗指南背景下GERD分层干预的机制启示

目前,国内外GERD治疗指南均强调,GERD管理应以规范化诊断和个体化治疗为基础,其核心目标包括缓解反流相关症状、促进食管黏膜愈合、维持长期缓解并减少复发[45]。生活方式干预、PPI优化治疗、必要时应用P-CAB、辅助药物治疗及抗反流手术/内镜治疗,构成了现阶段GERD临床管理的主要框架。因此,本文提出的炎症与氧化应激分层调控模式,应定位为对现有指南治疗体系的机制性补充,而非替代标准治疗[46]。

从指南推荐看,抑酸治疗仍是GERD治疗的基础。对于典型烧心、反流症状患者,可首先采用PPI经验性治疗;若疗效不佳,则应进一步结合内镜检查、pH监测或pH-阻抗监测明确疾病表型,而不宜单纯长期盲目加量。对于夜间症状、反流或嗳气明显、合并胃排空障碍等不同表型的患者,可根据指南建议选择H2受体拮抗剂、藻酸盐、巴氯芬或促动力药等辅助治疗。对于客观证实存在病理性反流且药物治疗效果有限的患者,抗反流手术或内镜治疗也可作为严格筛选后的治疗选择[47]。

与上述指南认可的治疗相比,白藜芦醇、NAC、TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK及IL-6/JAK/STAT3相关干预目前更多处于基础研究或临床前探索阶段,尚不能作为GERD的标准治疗推荐。其主要价值在于从机制层面解释部分患者症状持续、黏膜修复不完全及疾病慢性进展的原因。未来应进一步结合GERD临床表型、反流监测结果、炎症因子水平、氧化应激指标及食管屏障损伤标志物,建立更具转化价值的精准分层体系,从而推动GERD由经验性治疗向机制指导下的个体化管理转变。

4 未来研究趋势

GERD并非单纯由酸反流驱动,而是反流刺激、上皮屏障破坏、炎症反应和氧化应激共同参与的慢性疾病过程。本文提出的“炎症启动-信号放大-氧化应激失衡-慢性重塑”模式,有助于解释部分患者对单纯抑酸治疗反应不足及疾病慢性进展的机制基础。未来研究应在现有国内外指南框架下,进一步明确不同GERD亚型中炎症因子、氧化应激指标、食管屏障损伤标志物及反流监测参数之间的关系,建立可用于临床分层的分子标志物体系,从而推动GERD从经验性治疗向机制指导下的精准管理转变。

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基金资助

湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2024JJ7286)

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