In order to solve the problem of inaccurate prediction of natural falling direction during chain-saw logging operations, which is prone to safety accidents and cause casualties and property losses, a method for determining the natural falling direction of trees based on smartphone image analysis is proposed. The target trees in the images are extracted using the Close-Form image matting algorithm based on K-means clustering algorithm improvement. The sub-pixel-centroid positioning method is used to determine the location of the tree center of gravity in a single image. The trees are fitted with three-angle and two-angle gravity center fitting according to the space vector composite and projection law, respectively, and calculate the natural falling direction. The experimental results show that there is no significant difference and high consistency between the results of three-angle, two-angle, and human experienced discrimination methods in judging the natural falling direction of trees (F=0.008, P=1.000>0.05; ICC is 0.990, P=0.000<0.05). Because of the simplicity of the two-angle measurement, the two-angle discrimination method can be used to determine the natural falling direction of trees. Extended experiments show that the two-angle discrimination method has high accuracy (F=0.003, P=0.997>0.05), and can provide a certain reference for accurately judging the natural falling direction of trees.
在三视角方法中, OM 表示树木的自然倒向(大小及方向), OA 、 OB 、 OC 为 OM 在3个视图上的投影,即树木自然倒向在关联视图中的3个倒向分量,为树木自然倒向与第一视图夹角。
OM =( cos β, sin β);
OA =( cos β,0);
OB =( cos(120°-β)cos120°, cos(120°-β)sin 120°);
OC =( cos(60°-β)cos60°, cos(60°-β)sin60°);
OA + OB + OC =(1.5 OM cos β,1.5 OM sin β)=1.5 OM。
由式(15)可以看出3个实际拍摄的树木自然倒向分量 OA 、 OB 、 OC 的复合倒向与实际树木的自然倒向 OM 方向一致,该公式基于小于60°,而实际上无论多大,该结论在此视图坐标中恒成立。对于双视角方法,由正交基底中向量合成与分解可知,实际拍摄的树木自然倒向分量 OP 、 OQ 的复合倒向与实际树木的自然倒向 ON 方向一致。
为验证双视角方法的稳定性与准确性需要进行扩展试验。在东北林业大学校园及林场内重新采集21棵树的数据,用双视角判别方法对每棵树计算2次树木自然倒向,2次图像采集视角整体相差30°,分析2次判别结果的差异性,并与经验判别方法对比。使用 Microsoft Excel软件对试验数据进行整理,判别结果对比如图7所示。
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