In tunnel engineering, ensuring the safety of the lining structure is crucial, with internal force analysis and safety assessment being key components. This study analyzed the structural internal forces through numerical simulations and on-site monitoring measurements, calculating the safety factors at critical locations. Given the existence of modeling and measurement errors, this paper introduced a probabilistic model to quantify the uncertainty in estimating safety factors, and normalizes the reconstruction errors of axial forces and bending moments to comprehensively evaluate the suitability of measurement points. Taking a tunnel in Anhui as an example, the study comprehensively analyzed the impact of factors such as the rock pressure sharing ratio, the horizontal rock pressure coefficient, and measurement noise on the estimation of safety factors. The estimated safety factors generally followed a normal distribution trend, with larger fluctuations at the mid-arch and arch shoulder positions. Aiming to reduce estimation uncertainties and biases in the reconstruction of internal force information, measurement points were arranged in accordance with on-site working conditions. Long-term monitoring data indicated that the internal forces in the secondary lining structure fluctuated significantly due to various factors at the initial stage of casting and stabilized after 100 days, ensuring an adequate safety reserve for the structure. This research can provide references for the statistical analysis of safety factors and sensor placement in tunnel lining structures.
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