The amplification circuit represents a pivotal component within the domain of forestry intelligent equipment, with its functionality exerting a direct influence on the efficacy with which weak signals are monitored within forestry monitoring applications. High-performance discrete amplification circuits are complex in structure, and the traditional manual selection of discrete component parameters in analogue circuits is inefficient and difficult to meet the requirements of low noise and high stability in fields such as forest fire monitoring and wood defect detection. The purpose of this paper is to propose an automatic parameter optimization method for discrete components in circuits based on the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ). Firstly, a parameter optimization model of the amplifier circuit is established, and design indicators are proposed in accordance with the requirements. Next, NSGA-Ⅱ is used to solve the circuit parameters. Finally, the optimization results are verified by comparing NSGA-Ⅱ with manual methods, particle swarm algorithms, vortex search algorithms and genetic algorithms through simulation and physical testing of circuit boards. The experimental findings demonstrate that the NSGA-Ⅱ circuit parameter optimization method proposed in this study exhibits a substantial superiority over manual approaches in terms of circuit performance. In comparison with classical single-objective optimization, it also possesses advantages in terms of convergence speed and optimization stability. This method provides an efficient solution for the design of high-precision amplification circuits for forestry sensors, and it can be expanded to encompass the design optimization of other forestry equipment circuits in the future.
本研究将电路分立元件的参数选择视为一个最优化问题,该优化问题的目标是通过调整分立元件参数,将适应度函数(fitness)定义为各设计指标误差绝对值之和,使得所有设计指标尽可能接近预定目标值,从而使电路可以正常工作并实现电路性能的最优。设计指标根据目前传感器中放大电路的应用需求,选择电路闭环增益(gain)、开环相位裕度(open-loop phase margin,PhM)、开环增益裕度(open-loop gain margin,GM)、低频通带-3 dB转折频率(-3 dB corner frequency,fL),等效输入电压噪声(input-referred voltage noise,Noise)作为电路的设计指标。闭环增益是放大电路最底层的设计要求,高精确度的闭环增益才能保证信号被正常放大到所需的幅值。开环相位裕度和开环增益裕度是常见的电路稳定性判断指标,相位裕度是增益较差频率处相位角与-180°之间的差值,较低的相位裕度将导致相位滞后从而引发自激振荡,增益裕度则是相位交叉频率处的增益与0 dB之间的差值,过小的增益裕度也可能导致自激振荡。由于这2项稳定性指标与电路目前发生的自激振荡现象密切相关,因此选择这2项指标作为电路的稳定性判据。低频通带-3 dB转折频率则是指在一个滤波器或放大电路的频率响应中,增益(或输出信号)相对于其最大增益的下降幅度达到3 dB时的频率,约等于电路增益下降到最大增益的0.707倍,理论上来说超过此限度就可以说明信号得到了不可忽略的衰减,也就是说-3 dB转折频率可以视作电路信号正常放大的界限。
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