基于锥形量热仪的 5 种乔木树种燃烧特性及火灾风险评估

Combustion Characteristics and Fire Risk Assessment of Five Tree Species Using Cone Calorimeter

摘要

森林火灾对生态系统和社会安全构成严重威胁，而不同树种可燃物的燃烧性能直接决定了火灾风险。本研究选取安徽省主要的 5 种乔木树种（无患子（Sapindus saponaria）、香樟（Cinnamomum camphora）、朴树（Celtis sinensis）、杨梅（Morella rubra）和杉树（Cunninghamia lanceolata））作为研究对象利用锥形量热仪在 20 kW/m² 、 30 kW/m²、40 kW/m² 和 50 kW/m² 共 4 种热辐射强度下开展燃烧性能测试，并基于点燃时间、热释放速率、总释放热量、总生烟量等指标对火灾风险进行综合分析。结果表明，在辐射强度为 40 kW/m² 的情况下，杉树点燃时间最短（3 s），点燃风险最高；同时其热释放速率峰值最大（214.1 kW/m²），且达到峰值时间最短（12 s），火势蔓延风险最大.香樟的总生烟量（81.0 m²/m²）最大，烟危险性最大，无患子的 CO/CO₂ 生成速率比值（平均值）最大，带来最高的中毒风险。相比之下，朴树和杨梅点燃时间较长、燃烧剧烈性较弱，整体火灾风险较低。本研究揭示了不同树种在点燃风险、蔓延风险和烟气风险上的显著差异，为森林火险评估、可燃物管理及输电线路火灾防控提供了科学依据。

Abstract

Forest fires pose a serious threat to both ecosystems and social security，and the combustion properties of different tree species directly determine the level of fire risk.In this study，five major tree species in Anhui Prov-ince-Sapindus saponaria，Cinnamomum camphora，Celtis sinensis，Morella rubra，and Cunninghamia lanceolata-were selected as research objects.Combustion performance tests were conducted using a cone calorimeter under four heat fluxes $\left(20\text{ }\mathrm{k}\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2},30\text{ }\mathrm{k}\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2},40\text{ }\mathrm{k}\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\right.$，and 50 kW/m²).Fire risks were comprehensively evaluated based on ignition time（TTI），heat release rate（HRR），total heat release（THR），and total smoke release（TSR）. Results showed that under a heat flux of 40 kW/m², C.lanceolata exhibited the shortest ignition time（3 s），indicat-ing the highest ignition risk.It also had the highest peak HRR (214.1 kW/m²) and the shortest time to peak HRR (12 s)，suggesting the greatest risk of fire spread.The total smoke production (81.0 m²/m²) of C.camphora is the highest，representing the greatest smoke toxicity risk.The CO/CO₂ ratio（average）of Sapindus saponaria is the highest，posing the highest risk of poisoning.In contrast，C.sinensis and M.rubra showed longer ignition times， weaker combustion intensity，and overall lower fire risk.This study highlights significant differences among tree species in ignition risk，fire spread risk，and smoke toxicity risk，providing essential scientific evidence for forest fire risk assessment，fuel management，and fire prevention strategies in transmission line corridors.

关键词

锥形量热仪 / 乔木树种 / 火灾危险性 / 燃烧性能 / 热释放速率

Key words

cone calorimeter / tree species / fire hazard / combustion properties / heat release rate

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基金资助

国网安徽省电力有限公司科技项目资助(B31205240012)