燃料添加剂对甲醇发动机燃烧及排放的影响

Effects of Fuel Additives on Combustion and Emissions in Methanol Engines

摘要

在甲醇燃料中使用添加剂是保证发动机稳定可靠运行的必要条件，目前发动机上燃用的甲醇燃料均使用了添加剂。本文在一台 6 缸进气道喷射点燃式甲醇燃料发动机上开展了两种甲醇添加剂与甲醇混合燃料对发动机燃烧和排放影响的研究，所用燃料为质量分数 500×10^-6 和 1000×10^-6 的两种甲醇添加剂和甲醇混合燃料。两种添加剂成分上的区别体现在含有不同类型的润滑剂分子，高频往复试验机和模拟进气阀测试对两种添加剂的测试表明， 1 \＃添加剂具有比 2 \＃添加剂更好的润滑和清净性能。发动机试验的结果表明：添加 1000×10^-6 的 $1\#$ 甲醇添加剂可以在中低转速提高发动机缸内燃烧温度，提高燃烧定容度，使放热更集中；添加 1 \＃甲醇添加剂可以在中低转速（转速 ⩽1400r/min）有效降低发动机甲醇消耗量，其中添加 1000×10^-6 比添加 500×10^-6 降低甲醇消耗量的效果更好，与纯甲醇相比降低比例平均可达 3% 以上。添加 1000×10^-6 的 $1\#$ 甲醇添加剂还可以在发动机中低负荷、较高转速时降低发动机 NO_x 排放，最高可降低 21% 。综合来看， 1 井甲醇添加剂不仅具有更好的抗磨、清净功能，还能降低部分负荷下的甲醇消耗，改善发动机燃油经济性。

Abstract

The use of additives in methanol fuels is necessary to ensure stable and reliable engine operation，and all methanol fuels currently burned in engines use additives.In this paper，the effects of two methanol additives and methanol blends on engine combustion and emissions were investigated in a 6-cylinder intake-airway-injected igni-tion methanol-fueled engine.The mass fractions of two methanol additives and methanol blends used are 500×10^-6 and 1000×10^-6，respectively.The difference in the composition of the two additives is reflected in the presence of different types of lubricant molecules.Tests of the two additives in a high-frequency reciprocating tester and through a simulated intake valve showed that additive \＃1 has better lubrication and cleaning properties than additive \＃2.The results of the engine test show that：adding 1000×10^-6 of $1\#$ methanol additive can increase the combus-tion temperature in the engine cylinder at low and medium speeds，improve the combustion capacity，and make the exothermic heat more concentrated；adding 1\＃methanol additive can effectively reduce the consumption of metha-nol in the engine at low and medium speeds（speeds ⩽1400r/min）.The effect of adding 1000×10^-6 is better than adding 500×10^-6 in reducing the consumption of methanol，and the reduction ratio can be more than 3% on average compared with pure methanol.Adding 1000×10^-6 of $1\#$ methanol additive can also reduce engine NO_x emission at low load and high speed of the engine，which can be reduced by up to 21%.Taken together， $1\#$ metha-nol additive not only has better anti-wear and cleaning properties，but also reduces methanol consumption at partial loads and improves engine fuel economy.

关键词

甲醇发动机 / 燃料添加剂 / 燃烧 / 燃油经济性 / 排放

Key words

methanol engine / fuel additives / combustion / fuel economy / emissions

参考文献

[1] 张璇, 刘海峰, 尧命发. 自燃着火与火焰传播的判别方法研究综述[J]. 燃烧科学与技术, 2025, 31 (2):188-196.

[2] Zhang Xuan, Liu Haifeng, Yao Mingfa. Review of identification methods for spontaneous ignition and de-flagration[J]. Journal of Combustion Science and Tech-nology, 2025, 31 (2):188-196 (in Chinese).

[3] 毕翔云. 内燃机的代用燃料[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 1990.

[4] Bi Xiangyun. Alternative Auels for Internal Combustion Engines[M]. Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 1990 (in Chinese).

[5] 云亮, 徐建玲. 二氧化碳加氢制甲醇在氯碱行业的可行性探讨[J]. 中国氯碱, 2023(10):58-62.

[6] Yun Liang, Xu Jianling. Feasibility study of carbon di-oxide hydrogenation to methanol in chlor-alkali indus-try[J]. China Chlor-Alkali, 2023(10):58-62( in Chi-nese).

[7] Irena. Innovation Outlook:Renewable Methanol[R]. Bonn: International Renewable Energy Agency, 2021.

[8] 徐一森, 尧命发, 王浒, 等. 重型甲醇直喷点燃发动机燃烧系统开发数值模拟[J]. 燃烧科学与技术, 2025, 31(3):322-330.

[9] Xu Yisen, Yao Mingfa, Wang Hu, et al. Numerical simulation of combustion system development for heavy duty methanol direct spark ignition engine[J]. Journal of Combustion Science and Technology, 2025, 31(3): 322-330 (in Chinese).

[10] 刘海峰, 王冠月, 文铭升, 等. 喷油压力和进气温度对氨/正十二烷双燃料发动机燃烧稳定性影响研究[J]. 燃烧科学与技术, 2024, 30(1):1-8.

[11] Liu Haifeng, Wang Guanyue, Wen Mingsheng, et al. Influence of injection pressure and intake temperature on combustion stability of ammonia/n-dodecane dual-fuel engine[J]. Journal of Combustion Science and Technol-ogy, 2024, 30 (1):1-8 (in Chinese).

[12] 周芳芳. 465Q 甲醇发动机的性能与排放研究[D]. 太原: 太原理工大学, 2007.

[13] Zhou Fangfang. Research on the Performance and Emis-sion of 465Q Methanol Engine[D]. Taiyuan: Taiyuan University of Technology, 2007 (in Chinese).

[14] Sayin C, Kilicaslan I, Canakci M, et al. An experi-mental study of the effect of octane number higher than engine requirement on the engine performance and emis-sions[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2005, 25 (8/9):1315-1324.

[15] 程传辉. 甲醇在压燃式发动机上的应用研究[D]. 天津: 天津大学, 2009.

[16] Cheng Chuanhui. Research on the Application of Metha-nol in Compression-Ignition Engine[D]. Tianjin: Tianjin University, 2009 (in Chinese).

[17] Gamino B, Aguillon J. Numerical simulation of syngas combustion with a multi-spark ignition system in a diesel engine adapted to work at the Otto cycle[J]. Fuel, 2010, 89 (3):581-591.

[18] Pourkhesalian A M, Shamekhi A H, Salimi F. Alterna-tive fuel and gasoline in an SI engine:A comparative study of performance and emissions characteristics[J]. Fuel, 2010, 89 (5):1056-1063.

[19] 祁志敏, 石红, 祝月艳. 中国甲醇汽车产业发展现状分析及推广建议[J]. 时代汽车, 2023(21):4-6.

[20] Qi Zhimin, Shi Hong, Zhu Yueyan. Analysis of the de-velopment status quo of methanol vehicle industry in China and suggestions for its promotion[J]. Times Auto-mobile, 2023 (21):4-6 (in Chinese).

[21] 王娜, 国建胜, 胡坚南, 等. 甲醇在重型卡车的应用现状及未来发展趋势[J]. 专用汽车, 2025(6):1-4.

[22] Wang Na, Guo Jiansheng, Hu Jiannan, et al. Current status and future development trend of methanol applica-tion in heavy-duty trucks[J]. Specialized Vehicles, 2025(6):1-4 (in Chinese).

[23] 李书福. 绿色甲醇汽车发展路径[J]. 中国能源报, 2023 (5):6-16.

[24] Li Shufu. Green methanol vehicle development path[J]. China Energy News, 2023(5):6-16 (in Chinese).

[25] 李智, 魏同, 王馨铁, 等. 船用甲醇燃料的应用与分析[J]. 绿色科技, 2025, 27(6):269-274, 280.

[26] Li Zhi, Wei Tong, Wang Xintie, et al. Application and analysis of marine methanol fuel[J]. Green Technology, 2025, 27(6):269-274, 280 (in Chinese).

[27] 全国醇醚燃料标准化技术委员会(SAC/TC 414). M100车用甲醇燃料:GB/T 42416-2023[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2023.

[28] National Technical Committee for Standardization of Al-cohol Ether Fuels(SAC/TC 414). M100 Automotive Methanol Fuel:GB/T 42416-2023[S]. Beijing: China Standard Press, 2023 (in Chinese).

[29] 全国醇醚燃料标准化技术委员会(SAC/TC 414). M100车用甲醇燃料添加剂:GB/T 42436-2023[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2023.

[30] National Technical Committee for Standardization of Al-cohol Ether Fuel(SAC/TC 414). M100 Methanol Fuel Additives for Vehicles:GB/T 42436-2023[S]. Beijing: China Standard Press, 2023 (in Chinese).

[31] 王鉌, 程浩楠, 朱启兴. 烃类添加剂对 M100 甲醇发动机冷起动性能影响研究[J]. 测试技术学报, 2021, 35(4):323-326, 357.

[32] Wang Xin, Cheng Haonan, Zhu Qixing. Study on the effect of hydrocarbon additives on the cold starting per-formance of M100 methanol engine[J]. Journal of Test-ing Technology, 2021, 35(4):323-326, 357(in Chi-nese).

[33] 李竞克. 燃料添加剂对缸内直喷甲醇发动机非常规排放的影响[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2011.

[34] Li Jingke. Effects of Fuel Additives on Unconventional Emissions of Direct Injection Methanol Engines[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2011 (in Chinese).

[35] 陈天翔. 添加苯胺对缸内直喷甲醇发动机颗粒物排放的影响[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2015.

[36] Chen Tianxiang. Effect of Adding Aniline on Particulate Emissions of In-Cylinder Direct Injection Methanol En-gine[D]. Changchun: Jilin University,2015(in Chi-nese).

[37] 郭宝圣, 任长合, 徐进, 等. 甲醇汽油添加剂对汽油机性能的影响[J]. 内燃机, 2015(3):17-19.

[38] Guo Baosheng, Ren Changhe, Xu Jin, et al. Effects of methanol gasoline additives on gasoline engine perform-ance[J]. Internal Combustion Engine, 2015(3):17-19 (in Chinese).

[39] Makoto Kato, Kouzou S. Additive for Methanol Fuel Oil:JPH02194090A[P].1990-07-31.

[40] 胡红, 姚斐, 谢振华. 一种 M100 车用甲醇燃料添加剂及其应用: CN101747958A[P].2010-06-23.

[41] Hu Hong, Yao Fei, Xie Zhenhua. An M100 Automo-tive Methanol Fuel Additive and Its Application : CN101747958A[P].2010-06-23 (in Chinese).

[42] Chang W, Wang C, Wu Y, et al. Study on the mecha-nism of influence of cetane improver on methanol igni-tion[J]. Fuel, 2023, 354: 129383.

[43] Liu H, Li M, Wei H, et al. Effects of Injection Pa-rameters and EHN Mixing on the Combustion Character-istics of Fueling Pure Methanol in a Compression Igni-tion Engine[J]. Processes, 2024, 12(1): 48.

[44] Liu H, Zhang X, Zhang Z, et al. Effects of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) on combustion and emissions on a compression ignition engine fueling high-pressure di-rect-injection pure methanol fuel[J]. Fuel, 2023, 341: 127684.

[45] Wang C, Liu H, Zhang M, et al. Experimental and kinetic modeling studies on oxidation of methanol and di-tert-butyl peroxide in a jet-stirred reactor[J]. Combustion and Flame, 2023, 258: 113093.

[46] 王迎, 郑朝蕾, 何祖威, 等. 添加剂对甲醇均质充量压燃燃烧的影响[J]. 内燃机工程, 2011, 32(2): 57-62.

[47] Wang Ying, Zheng Zhaolei, He Zuwei, et al. Effects of additives on the combustion of methanol in homoge-neous charge compression ignition[J]. Internal Combus-tion Engine Engineering, 2011, 32(2):57-62(in Chi-nese).

[48] 朱自强, 毛顺德, 王建忠. 柴油机用甲醇燃料添加剂及含有该添加剂的柴油机用甲醇燃料:CN101486940B[P].2012-08-08.

[49] Zhu Ziqiang, Mao Shunde, Wang Jianzhong. Methanol Fuel Additive for Diesel Engine and Methanol Fuel Con-taining the Same for Diesel Engine:CN101486940B[P].2012-08-08 (in Chinese).

[50] 全国工业过程测量控制和自动化标准化技术委员会 (SAC/TC 124). 柴油润滑性评定用高频往复试验机: GB/T 35137-2017[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2017.

[51] National Technical Committee for Standardization of In-dustrial Process Measurement Control and Automation (SAC/TC 124). High-Frequency Reciprocating Tester for Diesel Fuel Lubricity Evaluation:GB/T 35137-2017[S]. Beijing: China Standard Press, 2017(in Chi-nese).

[52] 全国石油产品和润滑剂标准化技术委员会石油燃料和润滑剂分技术委员会(SAC/TC 280/SC 1). 车用柴油:GB 19147-2016[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2016.

[53] National Technical Committee for Standardization of Pe-troleum Products and Lubricants Sub-Technical Commit-tee on Petroleum Fuels and Lubricants(SAC/TC 280/SC 1). Automotive Diesel Fuel:GB 19147-2016[S]. Bei-jing: China Standard Press, 2016 (in Chinese).

[54] 胡颖, 尹雪峰, 常和, 等. 化学链燃烧中载氧体磨损和产生积碳的机制及抑制方法[J]. 过程工程学报, 2020, 20(5):493-502.

[55] Hu Ying, Yin Xuefeng, Chang He, et al. Mechanisms and inhibition methods of oxygen carrier wear and car-bon generation in chemical chain combustion[J]. Jour-nal of Process Engineering, 2020, 20(5):493-502 (in Chinese).

[56] 张恒通, 牛松, 林树东. 不同分子结构分散剂的研究进展[J]. 材料研究与应用, 2023, 17(1):9-23.

[57] Zhang Hengtong, Niu Song, Lin Shudong. Research progress of dispersants with different molecular struc-tures[J]. Materials Research and Application, 2023, 17(1):9-23 (in Chinese).

[58] 姜宇昊. 甲醇发动机织构化关键摩擦副润滑摩擦性能影响研究[D]. 镇江: 江苏大学, 2021.

[59] Jiang Yuhao. Study on the Influence of Lubrication and Friction Performance of Key Friction Substitutes in Methanol Engine[D]. Zhenjiang: Jiangsu University, 2021 (in Chinese).

[60] 赵燕, 李维民, 王晓波, 等. 合成酯型摩擦改进剂的制备及摩擦学性能研究[J]. 摩擦学学报, 2017, 37(5):610-617.

[61] Zhao Yan, Li Weimin, Wang Xiaobo, et al. Prepara-tion and tribological properties of synthetic ester-type friction modifiers[J]. Journal of Tribology, 2017, 37 (5):610-617 (in Chinese).

[62] 李秀峰. 含氮长链烷基苯硼酸胺盐衍生物润滑油添加剂的合成及其摩擦学性能的研究[D]. 上海: 上海交通大学, 2014.

[63] Li Xiufeng. Synthesis of Nitrogen-Containing Long-Chain Alkyl Phenylboronic Acid Amine Salt Derivatives as Lubricant Additives and Study of Their Tribological Properties[D]. Shanghai: Shanghai JiaoTong University, 2014 (in Chinese).

[64] Wang Z, Yang X. NO_x formation mechanism and emis-sion prediction in turbulent combustion:A review[J]. Applied Sciences, 2024, 14(14): 6104.

基金资助

广西科技重大专项资助项目(桂科 AA24206030)