腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术中不同通气模式对合并轻度阻塞性通气功能障碍患者呼吸功能的影响

刘玲 ,  张顺利 ,  高瑞

中国内镜杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (05) : 41 -49.

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中国内镜杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (05) : 41 -49. DOI: 10.12235/E20240592
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腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术中不同通气模式对合并轻度阻塞性通气功能障碍患者呼吸功能的影响

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Effect of different ventilation modes during laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer on respiratory function in patients with complicated mild obstructive ventilatory disorder

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摘要

目的 探讨腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术(LRRCC)中不同通气模式对合并轻度阻塞性通气功能障碍(OVD)患者呼吸功能的影响。方法 选择2022年6月-2024年3月于该院择期行LRRCC的合并轻度OVD的患者68例,按随机数表法分为容积控制通气(VCV)组(n=34,术中实施VCV)和压力控制容量保证通气(PCV-VG)组(n=34,术中实施PCV-VG)。观察两组患者气腹前(T1)、建立气腹后30min(T2)、气腹后1h(T3)和气腹结束后20min(T4)的血流动力学指标[平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)]、血气指标[动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO)2和动脉血氧分压(PaO2)]、肺换气功能指标[氧合指数(OI)和肺泡-动脉氧分压差(PA-aO2)]和呼吸力学指标[潮气量、呼气末二氧化碳分压(PetCO2)、气道峰压(Ppeak)和动态肺顺应性(Cldyn)]的变化,统计两组患者术中并发症发生率和术后肺部并发症(PPC)阳性率。结果 两组患者T1、T2、T3和T4时点MAP和HR比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者T2、T3和T4时点PaCO2明显高于T1时点,但PCV-VG组明显低于VCV组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者T2和T3时点PaO2、OI和Cldyn明显低于T1时点,但PCV-VG组明显高于VCV组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者T2和T3时点PA-aO2、潮气量、PetCO2和Ppeak明显高于T1时点,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);PCV-VG组T2和T3时点PA-aO2和Ppeak明显低于VCV组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);PCV-VG组术中并发症发生率和PPC阳性率分别为8.82%和2.94%,明显低于VCV组的29.41%和23.53%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 LRRCC术中实施PCV-VG模式,较VCV更利于减少气腹对血气指标、肺换气功能和呼吸力学的影响,还能降低低氧血症和高碳酸血症等并发症的发生率。值得临床推广应用。

Abstract

Objective To explore the effect of different ventilation modes during laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer (LRRCC) on respiratory function in patients with complicated mild obstructive ventilatory disorder (OVD). Methods 68 patients with mild OVD who underwent elective LRRCC from June 2022 to March 2024 were randomly divided into a volume controlled ventilation (VCV) group (n = 34, with intraoperative VCV) and a pressure controlled ventilation-volume guaranteed (PCV-VG) mode group (n = 34, with intraoperative PCV-VG). Changes in hemodynamics [mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR)], blood gas indicators [partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO2) and arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)], lung exchange function indicators [oxygenation index (OI), alveolar-arterial oxygen partial pressure difference (PA-aO2)], respiratory mechanics indicators [tidal volume, end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (PetCO2), peak airway pressure (Ppeak), and dynamic lung compliance (Cldyn)] before pneumoperitoneum (T1), 30 min after establishing pneumoperitoneum (T2), 1 h after pneumoperitoneum (T3), and 20 min after the end of pneumoperitoneum (T4) were observed in both groups. And incidence of intraoperative complications and the positive rate of postoperative pulmonary complication (PPC) in both groups were counted. Results There were no statistically significant differences in MAP and HR between the two groups at T1, T2, T3 and T4 time points (P > 0.05). The PaCO2 level in both groups at T2, T3, and T4 time points was higher than that at T1 time point, but the PCV-VG group was lower than that in the VCV group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The PaO2, OI, and Cldyn in the two groups at T2 and T3 time points were lower than those at T1 time point, but the PCV-VG group was higher than that in the VCV group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The PA-aO2, tidal volume, PetCO2 and Ppeak of the two groups of patients at T2 and T3 time points were significantly higher than those at time point T1, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). At T2 and T3, the PA-aO2 and Ppeak in the PCV-VG group were significantly lower than those in the VCV group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The incidence of intraoperative complications and PPC positivity rate in the PCV-VG group were 8.82% and 2.94%, respectively, which were lower than 29.41% and 23.53% in the VCV group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Compared with VCV, implementing PCV-VG mode during LRRCC surgery is more conducive to reducing the impacts of pneumoperitoneum on blood gas analysis, lung ventilation function, and respiratory mechanics, and reducing the incidence of complications such as hypoxemia and hypercapnia rate. It is worthy for clinical application.

关键词

腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术(LRRCC) / 通气模式 / 轻度阻塞性通气功能障碍(OVD) / 呼吸功能 / 并发症

Key words

laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer (LRRCC) / ventilation mode / mild obstructive ventilatory disorder (OVD) / respiratory function / complications

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刘玲,张顺利,高瑞. 腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术中不同通气模式对合并轻度阻塞性通气功能障碍患者呼吸功能的影响[J]. 中国内镜杂志, 2025, 31(05): 41-49 DOI:10.12235/E20240592

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腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术(laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer,LRRCC)具有微创、痛苦小和术后恢复迅速等优势,已成为治疗结直肠癌的首选术式。LRRCC术中需长时间维持头低足高位,对机体的呼吸生理功能造成明显影响[1]。且术中气腹的建立,可导致气道峰压(peak airway pressure,Ppeak)上升,增大气道阻力,肺顺应性明显下降,使肺弥散功能受到影响,通气血流比例失调,导致氧合功能低下[2-3]。合并轻度阻塞性通气功能障碍(obstructive ventilatory disorder,OVD)的患者,上述情况尤为突出,术后发生肺损伤的风险较高[4]。因此,对于合并轻度OVD的患者在LRRCC全身麻醉期间,需开展合理的机械通气管理,以确保患者平稳和安全地渡过手术期。目前,LRRCC中常采取的通气模式主要有两种:容积控制通气(volume controlled ventilation,VCV)和压力控制容量保证通气(pressure controlled ventilation-volume guaranteed,PCV-VG)模式。有研究[5]发现,对于合并轻度OVD的患者,LRRCC中采取VCV模式,可能造成通气不足。临床关于LRRCC中应用PCV-VG模式的效果,尚不明确。本研究对比观察了VCV和PCV-VG模式在LRRCC中的应用效果。现报道如下:

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

选取2022年6月-2024年3月于本院择期开展LRRCC的合并轻度OVD的患者68例,按随机数表法分为VCV组(n = 34)和PCV-VG组(n = 34)。两组患者一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性。见表1

纳入标准:通过病理活检证实为结直肠癌,且符合LRRCC指征;年龄 ≥ 18岁;体重指数(body mass index,BMI)为18.5~23.9 kg/m2;存在轻度OVD [ 第1秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1) < 80%,FEV1/用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)为50%~70%];对本研究知情,且同意参与者。排除标准:有肺部手术史;有其他癌症和/或严重器官疾病;近期有机械通气史;美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分级 > Ⅲ级;有神经肌肉疾病;精神异常者。本研究经包头医学院第二附属医院伦理委员会批准,伦理批件号:2022-ZX(临)-023。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 术前准备

术前禁食禁饮6~8 h。入室后,常规监测生命体征 [ 心率(heart rate,HR)、血压和经皮动脉血氧饱和度 ] 。开放静脉通路。

1.2.2 麻醉诱导

静脉注射咪达唑仑(生产厂家:宜昌人福药业有限责任公司,批准文号:国药准字H20227064,规格:10 mL∶50 mg)0.05 mg/kg + 丙泊酚(生产厂家:广东嘉博制药有限公司,批准文号:国药准字H20051843,规格:10 mL∶100 mg)1.0 mg/kg + 舒芬太尼(生产厂家:宜昌人福药业有限责任公司,批准文号:国药准字H20054171,规格:10 mL∶50 μg)0.3 μg/kg + 顺阿曲库铵(生产厂家:齐鲁制药(海南)有限公司,批准文号:JB2X4017,规格5 mL∶10 mg)0.15 mg/kg,肌松后行气管插管,连接德尔格麻醉系统行机械通气。进行右颈内静脉穿刺,左桡动脉穿刺。

1.2.3 术中麻醉维持

静脉泵注丙泊酚6 mg/(kg·h)+瑞芬太尼(生产厂家:江苏恩华药业股份有限公司,批准文号:国药准字H20143315,规格:2 mg)0.2~0.3 μg/(kg·min)+ 顺阿曲库铵间断给药0.03 mg/kg维持麻醉。患者取头低足高位,将脑电双频指数控制在40~50。

1.2.4 通气方法

VCV组采取VCV模式,PCV-VG组采取PCV-VG模式,设定初始潮气量8 mL/kg,呼吸频率16~18次/min,吸呼比1∶2,压力限制为35 cmH2O。术中根据呼气末二氧化碳分压(end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure,PetCO2)对潮气量做出调整,使PetCO2维持在35~40 mmHg,术中维持气腹压力在12 mmHg左右。

1.3 观察指标

1.3.1 血流动力学指标

采用BeneVision M19监护仪测定患者气腹前(T1)、建立气腹后30 min(T2)、气腹后1 h(T3)和气腹结束后20 min(T4)的平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)和HR。

1.3.2 血气指标

取患者T1、T2、T3和T4时点桡动脉血,测定动脉二氧化碳分压(partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood,PaCO2)和动脉血氧分压(arterial partial pressure of oxygen,PaO2)。

1.3.3 肺换气功能指标

记录患者T1、T2、T3和T4时点氧合指数(oxygenation index,OI)和肺泡-动脉氧分压差(alveolar-arterial oxygen partial pressure difference,PA-aO2)。

1.3.4 呼吸力学指标

记录患者T1、T2、T3和T4时点潮气量、PetCO2、Ppeak和动态肺顺应性(dynamic lung compliance,Cldyn)。

1.3.5 并发症

记录术中并发症和术后肺部并发症(postoperative pulmonary complication,PPC)发生情况;术中并发症包括:高血压(收缩压/舒张压≥140/90 mmHg)、低氧血症(吸空气时经皮动脉血氧饱和度≤90%)和高碳酸血症(血液pH值 < 7.35,PaCO2 > 45 mmHg)。采用墨尔本量表[6],对患者术后7 d内PPC予以评定,墨尔本量表有8项条目,包括:胸片示肺不张或实变;白细胞计数超过11.2×106/L或应用抗呼吸道感染的药物;体温超过38℃;痰微生物学检查提示感染阳性;脓痰状态和术前不同;出现低氧血症;主治医生诊断为肺炎/肺部感染;因呼吸系统疾病再次送往ICU或在ICU停留时间延长。符合上述条件4项或以上,即可判定为PPC阳性。

1.4 统计学方法

应用SPSS 25.0统计学软件分析数据。符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x¯±s)描述,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,组内比较采用配对样本t检验,多时点数据比较采用重复测量数据方差分析;计数资料用例(%)表示,比较采用χ2检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组患者不同时间点血流动力学指标比较

两组患者T1、T2、T3和T4时点MAP和HR比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表2

2.2 两组患者不同时间点血气指标比较

与T1时点比较,两组患者T2、T3和T4时点的PaCO2明显升高,但PCV-VG组明显低于VCV组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05);与T1时点比较,两组患者T2和T3时点PaO2明显降低,但PCV-VG组明显高于VCV组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表3

2.3 两组患者不同时点肺换气功能指标比较

与T1时点比较,两组患者T2和T3时点OI明显降低,但PCV-VG组明显高于VCV组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),两组患者T2和T3时点PA-aO2明显增高,但PCV-VG组明显低于VCV组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表4

2.4 两组患者不同时点呼吸力学指标比较

与T1时点比较,两组患者T2和T3时点潮气量、PetCO2和Ppeak明显增高,Cldyn明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05);PCV-VG组T2和T3时点Ppeak明显低于VCV组,Cldyn明显高于VCV组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表5

2.5 两组患者术中并发症发生率和PPC阳性率比较

PCV-VG组术中并发症发生率和PPC阳性率分别为8.82%和2.94%,明显低于VCV组的29.41%和23.53%,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表6

3 讨论

3.1 LRRCC麻醉时面临的问题

有关数据[7]显示,结直肠癌为男性第3位、女性第2位高发的癌症。随着人们生活方式的转变,如:高盐、高脂肪饮食、长期久坐和缺乏睡眠等,结直肠癌发病率不断升高,已成为我国居民健康的主要威胁之一。LRRCC开展至今取得了显著的成效,已成为结直肠癌的主要治疗手段。但LRRCC术中需维持气腹压力在14 mmHg左右,以提供宽阔的术野,且为创造一个利于术中操作的空间,患者需保持头低足高状态,受气腹和被动体位的双重影响,患者气道内压可明显增高,机械性肺损伤的风险亦会提高[8]。同时,患者腹部内容物发生上移,使膈肌上抬,胸腔容积和顺应性发生改变,导致肺换气受到极大地影响[9]。此外,CO2被大量吸收入血中,会导致高碳酸血症的发生。有研究[10]发现,结直肠癌患者合并轻度OVD的情况较多,通气储备功能下降。因LRRCC用时较长,对肺功能存在较大的影响,在术中全身麻醉期间,采取合理的通气模式,就显得尤为重要。

3.2 PCV-VG的特点

VCV为既往LRRCC术中常采取的通气模式,输送气体的方式为递增波形,输送结束气道压达到峰值,在肺顺应性高处易吸入较多气体,对于肺顺应性低处,只有在气道内压处于较高水平时方可获得气体,不利于气体的均匀分布和氧合[11]。此外,较高的气道内压,亦会导致肺气压伤的发生。而PCV-VG为一种全新的通气方法,其兼具VCV和压力控制通气(pressure controlled ventilation,PCV)这两种通气模式的优点,可经由恒定气道内压提供递减气流,并结合肺顺应性和气道内压等参数,对下一次所需的吸气压力做出调整,可在保证容量的同时,最大限度地减低气道内压,提高顺应性低的肺泡在通气初期的通气率,调节吸入气体的分布[12-13]

3.3 PCV-VG和VCV模式应用于LRRCC的优劣

3.3.1 血流动力学方面

本研究结果发现,两组患者T1、T2、T3和T4时点MAP和HR比较,差异均无统计学意义。由此可见,两种通气模式均能避免患者血流动力学发生波动。

3.3.2 血气指标方面

气腹时因气压增高,肺通气阻力增大,导致通气量下降,CO2因排出不畅而潴留于体内,从而使PaCO2含量升高[14]。在本研究中,两组患者T2、T3和T4时点PaCO2均高于T1时点,但PCV-VG组明显低于VCV组;两组患者T2和T3时点PaO2均低于T1时点,但PCV-VG组明显高于VCV组,这提示:PCV-VG能防止气腹时血气分析指标发生较大波动。分析原因为:VCV模式下需通过持续的加压来获得充足的潮气量,此过程使气道内压升高,CO2可因压力过高而于血液内溶解;而PCV-VG能结合力学变化对压力和容量做出及时调整,使气道内压处于预设水平,并确保潮气量,继而可减少气腹对PaCO2和PaO2的不利影响[15]

3.3.3 肺换气功能方面

本研究中,PCV-VG组T2和T3时点OI的降低和PA-aO2的增高幅度均较VCV组小,这提示:PCV-VG更利于调控气腹期间的肺换气功能。分析原因为:PCV-VG模式能确保吸气初期的气道内压快速达到预设水平,并维持稳定,从而降低气流速率,提高了气体分布的均匀性[16]

3.3.4 呼吸力学方面

潮气量、PetCO2、Ppeak和Cldyn是反映呼吸力学的指标。上述指标的异常,可导致通气效率下降,促使炎症因子大量释放,在机械通气过程中可引起气压伤[17-18]。本研究中,PCV-VG组T2和T3时点潮气量和PetCO2的增高幅度与VCV组无差异,而T2和T3时点Ppeak的增高幅度和Cldyn的降低幅度较VCV组小,这提示:PCV-VG更有利于调控气腹期间的呼吸力学指标。VCV模式开展过程中的气压较高,可导致肺泡通气不足,使潮气量、PetCO2和Ppeak升高,Cldyn降低;而PCV-VG模式的通气速率可随时间增加而减低,且会根据肺顺应性等将通气速率调整至适宜水平,良好控制通气压,利于维持呼吸力学稳定[19-20]

3.3.5 并发症和PPC阳性率方面

本研究中,PCV-VG组术中并发症(高血压、低氧血症和高碳酸血症等)总发生率和PPC阳性率均低于VCV组,与虞夏等[21]研究结果相似,这提示:PCV-VG可减少术中并发症和PPC的发生。分析原因,可能与该通气模式能保证机体维持良好的氧合状态,减少呼吸力学波动有关。

3.4 本研究的局限性

本研究纳入的样本量较小,且仅来自单家医院,结果可能存在偏倚。有待后续通过多家医院联合开展大样本研究做出验证。

综上所述,LRRCC术中采取PCV-VG模式,在气腹期间可调控血气指标,保证肺换气功能,稳定呼吸力学,以上优势较VCV模式更为显著,有利于降低并发症的发生风险。值得临床推广应用。

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基金资助

包头医学院科学研究基金(BYJJ-ZRQM 202334)

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