捻转血矛线虫耐药虫株与敏感虫株circRNAs差异表达分析

寇慧林 ,  陈昕迪 ,  王腾宇 ,  高娃 ,  温海峰 ,  张艳敏 ,  于宇 ,  李峥 ,  刘春霞 ,  王文龙

中国农业大学学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (2) : 122 -130.

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中国农业大学学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (2) : 122 -130. DOI: 10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2024.02.12
研究论文

捻转血矛线虫耐药虫株与敏感虫株circRNAs差异表达分析

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Differential expression of circRNAs in resistant and sensitive strains of Haemonchus contortus

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摘要

为分析捻转血矛线虫伊维菌素敏感虫株与耐药虫株之间差异表达的circRNAs在调控耐药性中的作用,本研究以捻转血矛线虫敏感虫株和耐药虫株为研究对象,采用Illumina Hiseq 2 000平台进行高通量测序及cDNA文库的构建,利用相关生物信息学软件对测得的circRNAs进行差异性分析,同时对来源基因进行GO和KEGG pathway功能富集。运用TargetScan和Miranda软件预测关键circRNAs靶向的miRNAs,探究circRNAs-miRNAs的作用。随后又随机选取5个显著差异的circRNAs,进行RT-qPCR检测并与转录组测序结果进行一致性评定。结果显示:1)敏感虫株与耐药虫株共筛选出677个差异表达的circRNAs,其中47个显著差异,23个显著上调,24个显著下调。2)所有差异circRNAs的来源基因GO富集分析显示,共富集到生物过程336个、细胞组分59个和分子功能110个,主要与代谢过程、细胞膜结构和催化活性等相关;KEGG富集分析显示,富集到257条通路,主要与代谢(脂肪酸生物合成、甘油磷脂代谢和丙酸代谢)、胰高血糖素信号通路和AMPK信号通路等相关。3)circRNAs-miRNAs调控网络分析显示,627个差异circRNAs靶向结合187个miRNAs,组成了10 602组调控关系。综上,本研究成功筛选了捻转血矛线虫伊维菌素敏感虫株和耐药虫株间差异表达的circRNAs,对所有差异circRNAs的来源基因进行功能注释和富集分析,并构建了部分显著差异circRNAs-miRNAs调控网络。本研究结果为捻转血矛线虫耐药性产生的分子机制研究提供了新思路。

Abstract

The study was to investigate the role of differentially expressed circRNAs in the regulation of drug resistance between ivermectin sensitive and resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus. In this study, sensitive and resistant strains of H.contortus were taken as research objects. Illumina Hiseq 2 000 platform was used for high-throughput sequencing and cDNA library construction, and relevant bioinformatics software was used to analyze the difference of circRNAs. Simultaneously, GO and KEGG pathway functions of the source genes were enriched. TargetScan and Miranda software were used to predict the miRNAs targeted by key circRNAs, and the role of circRNAs-miRNAs was explored. Subsequently, 5 circRNAs with significant differences were randomly selected for RT-qPCR detection and consistency assessment with transcriptome sequencing result.The results showed that: 1)A total of 677 differentially expressed circRNAs were screened between sensitive and resistant strains, of which 47 were significantly different, 23 were significantly up-regulated, and 24 were significantly down-regulated. 2) GO enrichment analysis of all differentially derived circRNAs showed that 336 biological processes, 59 cell components and 110 molecular functions were enriched, which were mainly related to metabolic processes, cell membrane structure and catalytic activity. KEGG enrichment showed that 257 pathways were mainly enriched, most of which were related to metabolism (fatty acid biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism and propionate metabolism), glucagon signaling pathway and AMPK signaling pathway. 3) circRNAs-miRNAs regulatory network analysis showed that 627 circRNAs target bound 187 miRNAs, forming 10 602 regulatory relationships. In conclusion, this study successfully screened the differentially expressed circRNAs between ivermectin sensitive and resistant strains of H.contortus, functionally annotated and enriched the source genes of the all differentially expressed circRNAs, and constructed some significant differentially expressed circRNAs-miRNAs regulatory networks. The results of this study provids a new way to study the molecular mechanism of drug resistance in H.contortus.

Graphical abstract

关键词

捻转血矛线虫 / 伊维菌素 / 耐药性 / 转录组 / circRNAs / 差异分析

Key words

Haemonchus contortus / Ivermectin / drug resistance / transcriptome / circRNAs / difference analysis

引用本文

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寇慧林,陈昕迪,王腾宇,高娃,温海峰,张艳敏,于宇,李峥,刘春霞,王文龙. 捻转血矛线虫耐药虫株与敏感虫株circRNAs差异表达分析[J]. 中国农业大学学报, 2024, 29(2): 122-130 DOI:10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2024.02.12

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捻转血矛线虫(Haemonchus contortus)寄生在反刍动物消化道内[1],以吸食宿主血液为生,常导致宿主出现被毛粗乱、贫血和慢性消耗性等临床症状,寄生严重者可致宿主死亡[2]。在牧区、农牧区和规模化养殖场感染率和发病率均较高,现已造成世界范围内小反刍动物较大经济损失,特别是热带、亚热带以及降雨量充沛的地区[3]。迄今为止,常用的是基于20世纪开发的驱虫药[4],但是,从临床效果来看,由于生产实践中缺乏科学指导,盲目给药、反复用药以及超量用药等现象的出现,使得捻转血矛线虫对常见化学驱虫药物均产生了程度不一的耐药性。其中伊维菌素作为一种广泛用于捻转血矛线虫的驱虫药[5],在1988年就已出现耐药性[6]。在伊维菌素耐药机制的研究中,P-糖蛋白表达量的改变、谷氨酸门控氯离子通道受体的基因突变和γ-氨基丁酸门控氯离子通道的改变是产生耐药性的主要原因。
circRNAs是一类新型ncRNA家族,大量存在于真核细胞中,Sanger等[10]首次在植物类病毒和流感病毒颗粒中发现,自此开启了circRNAs在生物领域的研究。近年来相关研究不断增加,circRNAs在细胞生理学中的多种功能及其潜在机制被逐一发现,包括海绵miRNA、与蛋白质结合、翻译成多肽和蛋白质,发挥转录或翻译调节作用[11-14]。且随着转录组学和高通量测序技术的快速发展,circRNAs在耐药性调控方面的研究逐渐受到关注,Lv等[15]发现supercont3.352:252102|253283在溴氰菊酯敏感菌株中高度表达,通过supercont3.352:252102|253283/pcp-mir-1671/CYP4G15通路参与淡色库蚊对溴氰菊酯的抗性;Feng等[16]通过转录组测序,发现44个circRNAs在环氟甲醚抗性菌株中高度表达,其中过度表达的circ1-3p通过海绵miR-1-3p促进TcGSTm04的表达,参与节肢动物朱砂叶螨对丁氟螨酯的抗性;Dou等[17]在乳腺癌的研究中发现circRNA_UBE2D22在乳腺癌组织和细胞中通过miR-512-3p/CDCA3轴参与乳腺细胞对阿霉素的抗性。尽管circRNAs在耐药性调控方面的研究中已取得很大进展,但关于捻转血矛线虫耐药性调控的相关研究却很少,捻转血矛线虫耐药性的出现对动物造成的危害和经济损失促使研究者加快对耐药性产生机制研究及新药研发。
本研究对捻转血矛线虫伊维菌素敏感虫株与耐药虫株circRNAs表达谱进行分析,并将circRNAs和miRNAs进行靶向关联分析,为从非编码RNA探究捻转血矛线虫耐药性调控机制提供新思路。

1 材料与方法

1.1 样品采集

捻转血矛线虫伊维菌素敏感虫株由内蒙古农业大学寄生虫实验室通过体内和体外试验自行分离获得,耐药虫株采自内蒙古自治区土默特左旗,经体内驱虫试验、虫卵减少试验以及伊维菌素敏感性试验确定为耐药虫株。

1.2 试验材料与试剂

RNAiso puls和荧光定量PCR试剂盒(TB GreenⓇ Premix ExTaqTM Ⅱ)购自TaKaRa公司;反转录试剂盒购自北京全式金生物公司。

1.3 总RNA的提取及测序

取捻转血矛线虫敏感虫株雌虫和雄虫各1管,每管50条;耐药虫株雌虫和雄虫各1管,每管50条,分别将敏感虫株和耐药虫株进行混合,采用Trizol法提取敏感虫株和耐药虫株的总RNA。使用Nanodrop 2 000生物分析仪检查样本RNA浓度和纯度。将浓度≥100 ng/µL,RIN值≥7.5,总量≥15 µg的RNA逆转录构建cDNA文库,使用Illumina HiSeq 2 000平台进行测序。

1.4 测序数据分析处理

利用Fastp软件对Raw reads进行质控,得到Clean reads。使用短Reads比对工具Bowtie2将Clean reads比对到捻转血矛线虫的核糖体数据库,得到Unmapped reads。采用HISAT软件将保留下来的Unmapped reads比对到参考基因组(WBPS12),并与RNA-seq测序数据中的Spliced reads进行全局和局部的比对,将比对上的reads,称为Anchors reads。

1.5 敏感虫株和耐药虫株circRNAs的分析

对敏感虫株和耐药虫株circRNAs的表达量(Fragments per kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads, FPMK)进行差异分析,以|log2(Fold change)|≥1且FDR≤0.05作为阈值界定敏感虫株和耐药虫株之间差异表达的circRNAs,将鉴定得到的circRNAs进行染色体分布分析、长度分布分析和基因组中位置分布分析。

1.6 敏感虫株和耐药虫株差异circRNAs生物信息学功能分析

对差异circRNAs来源基因进行GO(Gene Ontology)数据库富集分析,描述基因的分子功能(Molecular function)、细胞组分(Cellular component)和参与的生物学过程(Biological process),同时进行KEGG(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes)数据库富集分析。

1.7 敏感虫株和耐药虫株差异circRNAs的RT-qPCR验证

随机从测序结果中筛选5个显著差异的circRNAs,采用Primer 5.0软件设计引物。以GADPH为内参基因,利用RT-qPCR进行相对表达量检测,生物学重复和技术重复各3次。结果采用2-ΔΔCt方法分析,GraphPad Prism 8.0软件制图。引物信息见表1。

1.8 敏感虫株和耐药虫株差异circRNAs靶miRNAs的预测

采用RNAhybrid、Miranda和TargetScan软件对所有的差异circRNAs进行靶miRNAs预测,阈值参数如下:最大自由能<-20,得分≥150。通过Cytoscape软件对circRNAs-miRNAs靶向分析结果进行可视化分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 测序数据分析

根据得到的测序数据显示,敏感虫株有86 233 396个,占Raw reads的99.61%和63.65%的Reads可以比对到核糖体RNA序列,36.35%的Unmapped_reads可以比对到基因组,得到14 101 352个Anchors reads;耐药虫株有79 963 244,占Raw reads的99.95%,24.21%的Reads可以比对到核糖体RNA序列上,75.78%的Unmapped reads可以比对到基因组,得到31 619 298个Anchors reads(表2)。

2.2 敏感虫株和耐药虫株差异circRNAs的鉴定与分析

捻转血矛线虫伊维菌素敏感虫株和耐药虫株鉴定得到677个差异circRNAs,47个显著差异,23个显著上调,24个显著下调(图1)。对鉴定到的677个差异circRNAs进行染色体分布分析,结果显示circRNAs在敏感虫株和耐药虫株同一染色体上检测到的数目不同,但差异较小,均集中分布在X染色体上;长度分布结果显示,大多数circRNAs的长度为200~700 bp,主要集中在300 bp左右,最长为92 425 bp;基因组中位置分布结果显示,敏感虫株和耐药虫株中的 circRNAs 均主要来源于外显子区。

2.3 敏感虫株和耐药虫株差异circRNA来源基因富集分析

将所有差异circRNAs来源基因进行GO功能注释,初步分析发现差异circRNAs来源基因显著富集到33条GO条目,按富集数量从多到少排序,在生物学过程中主要富集在细胞过程、代谢过程和单个生物体等共计18条GO terms;在细胞组分中主要富集在细胞膜结构、细胞器和细胞部分等10条GO terms;在分子功能中主要富集在催化活性、各类结合和转运活动等5条GO terms。

KEGG信号通路富集显示,差异circRNAs来源基因共富集到257条通路,按Q值由小到大顺序排列,富集最多的前10位为脂肪酸生物合成、造血细胞谱系、甘油磷脂代谢、丙酸代谢、脂肪酸代谢、胰高血糖素信号通路、AMPK信号通路、代谢途径、肾素-血管紧张素系统和矿物质吸收(图7)。

2.4 RT-qPCR验证差异circRNAs

RT-qPCR结果显示,随机筛选出的5个显著差异circRNAs相对表达水平与转录组测序结果一致(图4),表明转录组测序结果较为可靠,可用于后续分析研究。

2.5 捻转血矛线虫的伊维菌素敏感虫株和耐药虫株 circRNAs-miRNAs的联合分析

本研究将鉴定到的circRNAs和miRNAs采用perl脚本进行关联分析,结果显示共有 10 602条circRNAs-miRNAs靶向调控关系,其中涉及到624个circRNAs和187个miRNAs。图5为随机选取的3个显著差异circRNAs的circRNAs-miRNAs网络图,其中红色三角代表显著差异circRNAs,绿色椭圆代表靶向到的miRNAs。

3 讨 论

circRNAs是一类特殊的RNA,因其结构稳定,表达丰度高,且具有组织特异和高度保守等特性而逐渐成为近年来RNA领域研究的热点。作为竞争性内源RNA,circRNAs通过其表面结合位点与其相应的miRNAs吸附结合,使miRNAs无法与靶基因结合,进而与miRNAs共同调控靶基因的表达,影响机体众多疾病的发生发展[18]。且随着测序技术的发展,越来越多的相关研究证实了与耐药性相关的circRNAs通过此调控方式参与耐药性调节,如circRNA-SORE通过海绵miR-103a-2-5p和miR-660-3p激活Wnt/β-catenin途径,参与肝癌细胞对索拉非尼的抗性[19];circWHSC1通过海绵miR-107下调生物钟循环输出蛋白表达,降低卵巢癌细胞对顺铂的耐药性[20]。目前古生菌、人、猪、山羊、果蝇、拟南芥及水稻等许多物种均有关于circRNAs的相关报道,但与脊椎动物和植物相比,线虫中circRNAs的研究仍然相对较少。

本研究利用高通量测序的方法,对捻转血矛线虫伊维菌素敏感虫株与耐药虫株中circRNAs表达谱进行分析,二者间存在677个差异表达的circRNAs,其中47个显著差异,预测这些显著差异的circRNAs可能参与了捻转血矛线虫对伊维菌素耐药性调控过程。对差异circRNAs来源基因进行GO和KEGG富集分析,GO分析结果显示,差异circRNAs来源基因主要富集代谢过程、细胞膜结构和催化活性中,推测其可能与捻转血矛线虫的耐药性之间存在一定的关系,具体机制尚未清楚。KEGG分析结果显示,差异circRNAs来源基因除了富集在各类代谢信号通路上,也被富集在药物代谢过程中起着重要调控作用的通路上,如:HCON_00036280、HCON_0007120和HCON_00072770富集在了PPAR信号通路,HCON_0000255、HCON_00046760、HCON_0011598、HCON_00183810、HCON_0018383、HCON_00186420和HCON_00189270富集在了Wnt信号通路,HCON_00046480、HCON_00162780、HCON_0017546和HCON_00189480富集在了ABC转运蛋白等。PPAR是PPAR信号通路的关键蛋白,由脂肪酸及其衍生物激活的核激素受体,属于配体诱导的核激素受体超家族。研究表明过表达PPARγ会使得甲状腺未分化癌细胞对阿霉素产生耐药性[21];PPARγ是肝癌索拉非尼耐药的关键分子[22];PPARγ配体罗格列酮在体外试验能部分逆转人胃癌SGC7901/VCR细胞对丝裂霉素的耐药性[23]。Wnt信号通路是调节上皮间质转化EMT的重要通路,研究表明Wnt/β-catenin 信号通路的激活在人参皂苷Rg3调控人胃癌顺铂耐药性中起重要作用[24];cAMP/Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的激活使得黄腐酚类似物降低了细胞对顺铂的耐药性[25];Wnt信号通路的抑制,使急性白血病淋巴细胞对天门冬酰胺酶产生耐药性[26]。ABC转运蛋白是一类负责多种物质的跨膜转运蛋白[27],捻转血矛线虫大部分基因属于B型亚家族,其中最主要的基因是P-糖蛋白,它可通过ATP供能将药物从细胞内泵到细胞外,从而降低细胞内药物浓度并产生耐药性。研究表明,P-糖蛋白在捻转血矛线虫中伊维菌素驱虫药的抗性中发挥了作用,如Xu等[28]通过克隆测序P-糖蛋白的cDNA,发现伊维菌素的耐药性与捻转血矛线虫P-糖蛋白的过表达有关;Blackhaall等[29]通过对捻转血矛线虫P-糖蛋白的同源染色体的基因多态性分析,证实了P-糖蛋白与伊维菌素耐药性有着一定的联系;Maté等[30]利用RT-qPCR技术,通过测定不同捻转血矛线虫中P-糖蛋白表达水平的变化证实了其在捻转血矛线虫耐药过程中发挥了作用。

通过RNA-seq筛选到的novel_circ_000478在捻转血矛线虫敏感虫株和耐药虫株中表达显著差异,其来源基因HCON_00189270富集在了Wnt信号通路,且其靶基因hco-miR-1与cel-miR-1同源,有报道cel-miR-1可通过负反馈调节左旋咪唑的乙酰胆碱受体,改变肌肉对乙酰胆碱和左旋咪唑的敏感性[31]。推测novel_circ_000478可能通过靶向hco-miR-1在转血矛线虫伊维菌素耐药调控中发挥关键作用。其他差异circRNAs也可能通过类似作用参与捻转血矛线虫对伊维菌素耐药性的产生,其机制有待验证。

4 结 论

本研究通过对捻转血矛线虫敏感虫株和耐药虫株进行转录组测序分析,成功筛选到677个差异circRNAs,对所有差异circRNAs的来源基因进行功能注释和富集分析,并通过circRNAs-miRNAs调控网络得到10 602组circRNAs-miRNAs调控关系。本研究通过转录组学为circRNAs参与捻转血矛线虫伊维菌素耐药性调控提供科学依据。

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基金资助

内蒙古自然科学基金项目(2020MS03012)

“科技兴蒙”行动重点专项(NMKJXM202203-5)

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