乳酸杆菌对牦牛小肠黏膜屏障的保护作用及机制

常振宇 ,  董海龙 ,  叶炳涛 ,  陈永旭 ,  曾江勇 ,  吴庆侠

中国农业大学学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (3) : 155 -163.

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中国农业大学学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (3) : 155 -163. DOI: 10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2024.03.14

乳酸杆菌对牦牛小肠黏膜屏障的保护作用及机制

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Protective effect and mechanism of Lactobacillus on the mucosal barrier of the small intestine in yaks

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摘要

为探讨乳酸杆菌(Lactic acid bacteria,LAB)对犊牦牛大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli,E.coli)所致小肠黏膜屏障损伤的治疗机制,本研究将24头健康犊牦牛随机分为4组:空白对照组、模型组(E.coli O78)、低LAB组(E.coli O78+1×107 CFU LAB)和高LAB组(E.coli O78+1×1011 CFU LAB)。HE染色评估犊牦牛小肠病理变化,并计算小肠各肠段肠绒毛长度(VH)与隐窝深度(CD)比值(V/C),Western blot检测小肠黏膜p38和MAPK蛋白表达水平。结果表明:1)E.coli O78处理的模型组犊牦牛小肠绒毛排列紊乱,隐窝深度增加,且界限模糊,黏膜固有层和下层有炎性细胞浸润,经LAB干预治疗,犊牦牛小肠绒毛组织病理结构得到改善。2)模型组小肠VH指数与V/C比值显著低于空白对照组,而随着LAB干预治疗剂量增加,小肠VH指数和V/C比值升高,其中高LAB组VH指数显著高于模型组和低LAB组(P<0.05),同时高LAB组V/C比值显著高于模型组(P<0.05),且高LAB组VH指数和V/C比值与对照组对比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。 3)与对照组相比,模型组p38和MAPK蛋白表达水平极显著升高(P<0.01),且p38和MAPK蛋白表达水平随着LAB干预治疗剂量的增加而降低,其中高LAB组p38和MAPK蛋白表达水平显著低于模型组和低LAB组,与对照组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。综上,LAB可通过改善小肠形态结构,调节p38、MAPK等MAPK相关通路蛋白表达,对E.coli O78所致的犊牦牛腹泻起到治疗作用。本研究为益生菌抑菌产品的研发提供一定理论基础。

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on intestinal mucosal barrier damage caused by E.coli in calf yaks. A total of 24 healthy calf yaks were randomly divided into four groups: control group, model group (E.coli O78), low-dose LAB group (E.coli O78+1×107 CFU LAB), and high-dose LAB group (E.coli O78+1×1011 CFU LAB).The morphologic evaluation of small intestine was processed by HE staining, and the ratio of villus height (VH) to crypt depth (CD) in each segment of small intestine was calculated (C/V). The expression levels of p38 and MAPK proteins in small intestine were detected by Western blot. The results showed that:1) In the model group, calf yaks were treated with E.coli O78, the villi of small intestine of calf yaks were disorderly arranged, the crypt were deepen, and the boundary was fuzzy. There were inflammatory cell infiltration in the lamina propria and submucosa. After the intervention of LAB, the histopathological structure of small intestine villi of calf yaks were improved. 2) The VH index and V/C ratio of small intestine in the model group were significantly lower than those in the control group. With the increase of LAB intervention dose, the VH index and V/C ratio of small intestine in the high-dose LAB group were significantly higher than those in the model group and the low-dose LAB group (P<0.05), while the V/C ratio in the high-dose LAB group was significantly higher than that in the model group (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in VH index and V/C ratio between the high-dose LAB group and the control group (P>0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the expression levels of p38 and MAPK proteins in the model group were significantly increased (P<0.01), and the protein expression levels of p38 and MAPK decreased with the increase of LAB intervention dose. The expression levels of p38 and MAPK proteins in the high-dose LAB group were significantly lower than those in the model group and the low-dose LAB group, and there was no significant difference compared with the control group (P>0.05). In conclusion, the LAB can improve the morphology and structure of small intestine, regulate the expression of p38 and MAPK proteins, and play a role in treatment of E.coli O78 induced diarrhea in calf yaks, which provides a theoretical basis and experimental basis for the research and development of probiotic products.

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关键词

牦牛 / 乳酸杆菌 / 大肠埃希氏菌 / 肠道黏膜 / 保护机制

Key words

yak / Lactic acid bacteria / Escherichia coli / intestinal mucosa / protection mechanism

引用本文

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常振宇,董海龙,叶炳涛,陈永旭,曾江勇,吴庆侠. 乳酸杆菌对牦牛小肠黏膜屏障的保护作用及机制[J]. 中国农业大学学报, 2024, 29(3): 155-163 DOI:10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2024.03.14

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牦牛是青藏高原的特有牛种,为西藏农牧民的衣食住行做出了贡献,在当地农牧结构中发挥着至关重要的作用[1]。犊牦牛大肠埃希氏菌病(俗称“牦牛瘦死病”)是牦牛养殖业的常见疾病,以腹泻、血便、高热和咳嗽为典型症状[2],具有极高的致死率,在川藏地区尤为常见[3]。通常,牧民通过使用抗生素以及对牦牛注射疫苗的方式防治该病发生,但随着抗生素的过度使用,耐药菌株也不断增多[4-6]。因此寻找一种可替代抗生素的药物显得日益迫切。
益生菌是一类可调节肠道菌群平衡、保护肠道黏膜及促进肠道吸收营养的微生物[7],包括乳酸菌属、双歧杆菌属、枯草芽孢杆属等,在国内外广泛应用于腹泻病的治疗[8-9]。乳酸杆菌(Lactic acid bacteria,LAB)是一类益生菌,对碳水化合物进行发酵可产生大量乳酸,并能通过复杂的调控通路改善肠道黏膜屏障,对肠道功能的正常发挥有重要促进作用[10-11]。研究报道称,LAB对大肠杆菌具有良好的防治作用,日粮中混合LAB可减轻大肠杆菌引起的小鼠肝脏和肠道炎症[12]。范国歌等[13]研究发现,含有高占比LAB成分的高效复合益生菌对大肠杆菌具有良好的抑制作用。易力等[14]通过体外抑菌试验发现,肠源性LAB对同源性和部分异源性大肠杆菌具有生长抑制作用。此外,有报道称日粮中添加LAB可降低肠毒性大肠杆菌对断奶仔猪生长性能的抑制作用,LAB可通过提高粘蛋白的表达并阻止大肠杆菌对猪肠上皮细胞的粘附,并改善仔猪空肠绒毛高度,起到良好的治疗效果[15-18]。总之,LAB作为一种来源广泛,易于生产的益生菌,在代替抗生素防治牦牛大肠杆菌病具有潜在的功效。
动物肠道是食物消化和营养吸收的主要场所,同时肠道黏膜所形成的黏膜屏障也是抵御致病菌、内毒素等有害物质的重要防线[19-20]。当大肠埃希氏菌进入肠道,其表面存在的大量黏附物质会在小肠或结肠表面黏附定植,随后分泌出肠毒素刺激小肠上皮细胞分泌环腺苷酶,从而引起小肠上皮细胞分泌大量的环磷酸腺苷(cAMP),而cAMP会激活一系列的蛋白酶,促使非神经细胞膜上的特异性蛋白发生磷酸化,不仅改变构型,也会改变细胞膜的通透性,释放大量水分及黏液致使机体发生腹泻。p38和MAPKs是一类保守的丝氨酸-苏氨酸蛋白激酶,在诱导炎症反应中发挥重要作用。过去的研究已证实致病性大肠杆菌感染可介导p38/MAPK途径引发包括肠道在内的宿主细胞炎症[21-22]。同时,报道指出LAB可通过MAPK信号通路减轻细胞炎症、氧化应激、以及异常的增殖和凋亡,以缓解肠道疾病症状[23]。尽管过去的研究在不同细胞系、动物载体上报道了LAB对肠道的保护作用以及对致病性大肠杆菌的防治作用以及相关机制,但关于LAB对防治犊牦牛大肠杆菌病的机制研究,目前鲜有报道。研究LAB对犊牦牛肠道菌群及肠道黏膜屏障的影响,对替代抗生素治疗的益生菌制剂的研发具有重要意义。本研究探究了乳酸杆菌(LAB)对犊牦牛大肠埃希氏菌所致小肠黏膜屏障损伤的治疗机制,为后期研发牦牛专用益生菌制剂及其应用提供理论支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验动物分组及处理

试验动物分组及处理如表1所示:选取24头西藏林芝本地40~50日龄健康犊牦牛,按照每组6头的方式将其随机分配为4组:空白对照组、模型组(E.coli O78)、低LAB组(低剂量乳酸杆菌,1×107 CFU/mL)和高LAB组(高剂量乳酸杆菌,1×1011 CFU/mL)。空白对照组犊牦牛每日灌服生理盐水10 mL,持续10 d;模型组犊牦牛每日灌服生理盐水10 mL,持续5 d,第6天灌服生理盐水配制的E.coli O78 10 mL,总量为5×108 CFU,第7~10 天每天灌服生理盐水10 mL;低LAB组犊牦牛1~6 d与模型组一致,第7~10 天每天灌服生理盐水配制的LAB制剂10 mL,总量为107 CFU。高LAB组犊牦牛1~6 d与模型组一致,第7~10天每天灌服生理盐水配制的LAB制剂10 mL,总量为1011 CFU。第11天宰杀牦牛,每头牛分别取十二指肠、空肠和回肠段固定于10%的中性福尔马林及液氮中待进一步试验。

1.2 试验菌株

大肠埃希氏菌:从腹泻牦牛肠道分离牦牛源病原性E.coli O78,分离自西藏自治区林芝市腹泻牦牛。在使用前,取出保存在-80 ℃冰箱的乳酸杆菌菌株,分别接种MRS液体培养基、营养肉汤,接种完成后将MRS液体培养基置于37 ℃恒温无氧条件下培养24 h,营养肉汤置于37 ℃恒温有氧条件下培养24 h。连续接种3代后,菌株活性恢复正常保存备用。乳酸杆菌Lac-2为西藏农牧学院动物科学学院临床重点实验室分离培养,体外抑菌试验显示该菌株具有良好的抑菌特性(大肠杆菌、沙门菌和葡萄球菌)[24]。使用前一天复苏菌株,接种于MRS液体培养基。

1.3 主要试剂

p38、MAPK Rabbit pAb 一抗(ABclonal),Goat Anti Rabbit 二抗(Immunoway)均购自博士德生物工程有限公司;RIPA裂解液(强)、PMSF(蛋白酶抑制剂混合物-通用型)购自成都市科龙化工试剂厂;BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒购自苏州新赛美生物科技有限公司。

1.4 组织切片HE染色

将固定在中性福尔马林溶液的组织器官修块,并使用4%中性多聚甲醛溶液固定24 h。随后进行梯度脱水、透明、浸蜡、包埋、切片、染色、封片,随后使用光学显微镜进行观察、拍照,并进一步分析。

1.5 Western blot检测p38和MAPK蛋白表达量

取犊牦牛小肠肠道黏膜用于肠道黏膜组织总蛋白提取,黏膜组织经过破碎,加入含PMSF的RIPA裂解液处理,并通过低温高速离心获得肠道黏膜组织蛋白原液。取部分原液通过BCA法测定原液蛋白含量,并使用Loading Buffer通过煮沸的方式使蛋白变性。取等量蛋白样进行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳,并将蛋白电转移至PVDF膜。5%脱脂奶粉封闭,随后使用p38和MAPK一抗(1∶1 000)在4 ℃的环境下孵育抗体16 h。室温孵育二抗 (1∶10 000),2 h,ECL显影液处理,采用凝胶成像分析仪曝光成像。使用ImageJ图像分析软件对PVDF膜上的蛋白条带灰度值进行分析,以β-actin蛋白作为内参蛋白,对p38和MAPK蛋白进行相对定量分析。

1.6 统计学处理

各组犊牦牛小肠绒毛长度和隐窝深度采用Image-Pro Plus 6.0软件进行测量,用GraphPad Prism 8软件进行柱状图制作,本研究所得数据以均数±标准差(X¯±SD)表示,首先实行方差齐性检验,方差齐时,组间比较应用单因素的方差分析,多个样本均数的多重分析依据LSD-t法检验,方差不齐时采用Dunnett’s检验。数据若不符合正态分布选择秩和检验。其中,P<0.01表示差异极显著,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同剂量的LAB对感染大肠杆菌犊牦牛组织病理学的影响

如图1所示,空白对照组牦牛十二指肠、空肠、回肠黏膜形态结构完整,肠绒毛内柱状细胞排列整齐,细胞结构正常,隐窝深度较浅,且界限明显,无病理损伤(图1(a));模型组牦牛各肠段肠绒毛顶端缺失,隐窝深度增加,且界限不明显,黏膜固有层和黏膜下层有炎性细胞浸润(图1(b));低LAB组各肠段黏膜固有层和黏膜下层有炎性细胞浸润及轻微病理损伤(图1(c));低LAB组各肠段肠绒毛内柱状细胞排列较整齐,隐窝深度较浅,无病理损伤(图1(d))。结果表明,LAB对感染E.coli O78犊牦牛肠道结构具有保护作用,使其免受侵害。

2.2 不同剂量的LAB对感染大肠杆菌犊牦牛各肠段绒毛长度、隐窝深度及V/C比值的影响

如表2所示,与空白对照组相比,模型组、低LAB组十二指肠、空肠以及回肠段绒毛长度(Villus height,VH)显著降低(P<0.05);模型组小肠VH与隐窝深度(Crypt depth,CD)比值(V/C)与空白对照组相比显著降低(P<0.05);与模型组和低LAB组相比,高LAB组犊牦牛肠道损伤状况得到显著改善,并能显著升高犊牦牛各肠段V/C比值(P<0.05)。结果表明,高剂量和低剂量LAB干预均能通过调节VH和CD等肠道结构发挥治疗作用,以保护小肠免受E.coli O78的侵害,且高剂量LAB治疗效果较低剂量LAB更为显著。

2.3 不同剂量的LAB对感染大肠杆菌犊牦牛肠道黏膜屏障p38和MAPK蛋白表达的影响

结果表明(图2~4),与对照组相比,模型组p38和MAPK蛋白在十二指肠、空肠和回肠中的相对表达量极显著升高(P<0.01);经不同剂量LAB干预治疗后,p38和MAPK蛋白表达水平随LAB剂量升高而降低,其中高LAB组p38和MAPK蛋白表达水平极显著低于低LAB组(P<0.01);此外,高LAB组p38和MAPK蛋白表达水平与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。总之,不同剂量LAB均可通过降低E.coli O78侵害小肠黏膜p38和MAPK蛋白表达量表达发挥治疗作用。

3 讨论与结论

小肠是动物机体营养物质消化吸收的重要场所,绒毛长度的增加可以导致小肠吸收面积的增加,而肠绒毛越长、黏膜上皮细胞越多、肠黏膜隐窝越浅,说明小肠消化吸收能力越高[26-27]。本研究表明,模型组的牦牛小肠绒毛均比空白对照组的长度明显减少,但高LAB干预组的肠绒毛长度显著高于模型组。由此表明高剂量LAB对小肠绒毛具有保护和修复作用。小肠隐窝是绒毛组织基底膜和顶膜高表达的肌球蛋白陷入固有层形成的管状腺,开口于相邻绒毛之间。小肠隐窝深度是反映细胞生成率的重要指标,上皮细胞不断从隐窝基部向绒毛端迁移,分化为具有吸收能力的绒毛细胞,如果这一过程减慢,隐窝基部的细胞生成率就会降低,隐窝也会随之变浅[28]。本研究中的空白对照组各肠段隐窝深度小于模型组和低LAB干预组,与高LAB干预组差异不显著。绒毛长度(VH)与隐窝深度(CD)的比值是反映出小肠结构完整性的重要指标之一[29],V/C比值递减,表示小肠消化吸收功能减退;V/C比值升高,表示其消化吸收功能增强、腹泻减少、生长发育加快[30]。本研究表明高LAB干预组各肠段的V/C值显著高于模型组,而模型组中E.coli O78会导致犊牦牛肠道VH和V/C的极显著降低,进一步说明高剂量乳酸杆菌对犊牦牛肠道黏膜的结构完整性有较好的保护作用,减少了E.coli O78所致的肠道黏膜损伤,可有效治疗犊牦牛腹泻症状。

肠道的机械屏障作用主要由细胞间的紧密连接、黏附连接、肠道黏膜上皮细胞等组成[31-33]。Zonulin是动物肠道内目前所知唯一的调节紧密连接的因子,可调节肠道通透性及消化道壁细胞紧密连接的渗透性[34-35]。而MAPK 信号通路在调节膜蛋白(Occludin)、连蛋白(Zonulin)等表达及其磷酸化过程中起着关键作用[36-37],益生菌(如乳酸杆菌)可以通过抑制p38和MAPK 的表达来调控Zonulin,从而起到保护肠道黏膜屏障的作用。p38和MAPK 属于MAPKs蛋白激酶家族成员之一,其存在于胞浆内,主要参与细胞增殖、分化和凋亡等[38-39]。p38、MAPK信号通路是细胞适应环境变化的主要信号转导通路之一,对于细胞的应激性、适应性等生理过程至关重要[40-41],p38和MAPK的激活与诱导细胞凋亡的正相关性已被证实[42]。通过这一研究发现,模型组p38和MAPK的蛋白表达水平均显著或极显著高于对照组和LAB组,证明模型组犊牦牛发病可能与这2种蛋白的表达有一定关联。p38和MAPK信号通路被激活后,造成细胞凋亡,肠道通透性发生改变。LAB组犊牦牛肠道中p38和MAPK的蛋白表达水平显著下降,说明LAB可抑制这2种蛋白的表达,对细胞凋亡起到积极调控作用,从而有助于犊牦牛肠道功能的正常发挥。与低剂量LAB组相比,高剂量LAB在降低p38和MAPK蛋白的表达水平上更优,这为以后临床选择药物剂量提供思路,并为今后研发牦牛专用益生菌制剂提供一定的理论和技术支撑。目前,乳酸杆菌在生产实践中的应用正在逐步加强,以乳酸杆菌为基础制备的各种微生态制剂越来越广泛地应用于食品工业和医疗保健等方面。乳酸杆菌除了能够维护肠道健康,还具有促进营养物质吸收、调节机体脂质代谢、抗肿瘤、抗衰老等功效,其作用机制及应用前景值得进一步探讨与研究。并且乳酸杆菌维护肠道健康的作用具有种属差异,不同种属的乳酸杆菌,其主要作用途径和部位可能不同,今后还有待进一步研究。

综上,高剂量LAB可通过改善小肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度来调节小肠形态结构,同时,LAB通过抑制E.coli O78诱导的肠道黏膜p38和MAPK等MAPK相关通路蛋白表达,对E.coli O78所致的犊牦牛腹泻起到治疗作用。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金地区科学基金项目(32160857)

西藏自治区科技重大专项(XZ202101ZD0002N-05-01)

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