The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences and optimal combinations of different quality index calculation methods in the soil quality evaluation process. A total of 11 physical and chemical indicators from 79 soil samples in the south bank of Yellow River irrigation area of Hangjin Banner, Inner Mongolia were collected and measured, and a minimum data set based on the principal component analysis was constructed. Moreover, this study compared the soil quality indices calculated under the combination of two weighting methods (principal component analysis and analytic hierarchy process) and three index scoring methods (membership function, linear scoring function, and nonlinear scoring function), and obtained the optimal combination of methods through the correlation accuracy test with the total data set. The results showed that: 1) The analytic hierarchy process determined higher weights for physical indicators and lower weights for available nutrient indicators than the principal component analysis. The distribution trend of index score calculation results by membership function, linear scoring function, and nonlinear scoring function was basically consistent, but the membership function had a higher degree of differentiation when scoring the physical indicators. 2) The highest accuracy of correlation test for the minimum data set soil quality index was calculated using the analytic hierarchy process to determine the weights, and the membership function to determine the index scores, with R2=0.85, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient of 0.81, and the relative deviation coefficient of 0.04. 3) The range of soil quality indices calculated for two datasets under the optimal combination of methods was 0.25-0.71 and 0.16-0.78, respectively, with mean values of 0.43 and 0.45, indicating that the soil quality in the study area was at a moderate level. In summary, this study determined the optimal combination of methods to accurately evaluate the soil quality in the south bank of Yellow River irrigation area in Hangjin Banner, and provided reference for the selection of index weights and score calculation methods in further studies.
试验数据在R v4.2.3中进行基础数据处理以及主成分分析和相关分析,在软件yaahp中进行层次分析,数据处理结果使用Origin 2021和Power Point 2016进行图表的绘制。
2 结果与分析
2.1 最小数据集构建
通过主成分分析筛选出具有较强独立性的指标集合作为土壤质量评价的最小数据集(Minimum Data Set, MDS)。主成分分析的KMO(Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin)与Bartlett′s(Bartlett test of sphericity)检验结果显示KMO值为0.64,P<0.05,表明本研究所选指标适合采用主成分分析的方法进行筛选[29]。
本研究分别采用主成分分析法(PCA)和层次分析法(AHP)确定全体数据集(Total Data Set, TDS)与最小数据集(MDS)的评价指标权重。使用PCA分析结果中各指标的公因子方差,计算单个指标公因子方差占总公因子方差之和的比值,确定为该评价指标的权重(W-PCA)。同时,采用AHP构建不同层次的指标矩阵,在通过一致性检验的前提下,计算各评价指标的权重(W-AHP),结果见表2。可见:AHP和PCA计算的含水量权重分别为0.143和0.085,并且AHP计算物理指标的权重均高于其他指标,明显高于PCA的计算结果,而AHP计算的速效养分指标权重均低于PCA的计算结果。通过这2种方法计算得到的有机质权重则较为一致,AHP计算的有机质权重为0.103,PCA计算的为0.102。在MDS中,2种方法计算得到的权重大小顺序基本统一(表2)。与PCA相比,AHP的计算结果降低了硝态氮的权重,但提高了pH的权重。
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