Identification of ecological corridors and ecological nodes and optimization of landscape pattern in desert oasis area along the Yellow River:Taking Dengkou County as an example
1.School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
2.Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation & Desertification Combating of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
3.Experimental Center of Desert Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dengkou 015200, China
The construction and optimization of landscape pattern is the basis to ensure the quality of regional landscape ecology. Dengkou County, as a typical area along the yellow desert oasis zone, it is of great significance to carry out the identification of ecological corridors and nodes and the optimization of landscape pattern in order to prevent land desertification and promote the sustainable development of ecology. Taking Dengkou as the study area, this study analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution of landscape types from 2005 to 2020. Then the ecological corridors and ecological nodes were identified by combining the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model, circuit theory and hydrological analysis method. In junction with gravity model and landscape connectivity index, the importance of ecological corridors and ecological nodes were judged as well. Finally, the landscape pattern of Dengkou desert oasis area was constructed and optimization suggestions were put forward based on the above methodology. The results showed that: 1) The area of arable land was largest and continued to expand from 2005 to 2020. The grassland showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, while the woodland continued to decrease in the study period in Dengkou. 2) A total of 8 important grassland ecological sources were identified in the study area. There were 99 important ecological corridors and 345 important ecological nodes, which were mainly cultivated land and grassland types, and they were located in the middle and southeast of the study area. 3) An area of 159.83 km2 of ecological barrier points and 81.18 km2 of ecological pinch points for key optimization were identified, which were located in the north-western and central regions, respectively. 4) Finally, this study provided suggestions for the landscape pattern optimization in desert oasis area from the aspects of maintaining the south ecological source area and expanding the scale of ecological source areas in the northwest, connecting and optimizing important forest and grassland ecological corridors and ecological nodes, ecological barrier points and ecological pinch points. These conclusions provide important scientific basis for ecological environment planning in desert oasis areas.
生态阻力面是构建区域景观格局的基础。本研究从生态环境和社会环境两方面构建生态阻力综合评价指标体系,所选阻力因子包括土地利用类型、DEM、坡度、NDVI、距主要水域距离和距主要道路距离,阻力值分级赋值如表1所示。基于磴口县实际情况,选择NDVI结合土地利用类型、DEM和坡度反映自然环境情况,选取距主要道路距离结合土地利用类型反映人类活动的干扰程度。基于阻力因子综合评价指标体系,采用空间主成分分析法(Spatial Principal Component Analysis,SPCA),对生态阻力因子栅格数据进行降维处理,生成单波段主成分栅格数据,原始指标和主成分关系通过载荷矩阵表示,各主成分按其权重加权求和得到生态总成本[12]。其计算公式如下:
生态源地是区域内生态功能较完善、生态稳定性和扩展性较好的区域,具有水源涵养、生物多样性保护等功能,能够推动生态过程朝正向发展[7-8]。结合研究区实际情况,林地、草地和水域等斑块生态系统服务价值较高,对维持荒漠绿洲区生态系统功能具有重要意义,因此选取面积>10 km2景观斑块作为潜在生态源地[2,24]。结合景观连接度计算整体连通性指数(Integral Index of Connectivity,IIC),将连通性指数较高的斑块作为生态源地并进行重要性分级,从而识别出对生态系统稳定性和整体连接度起重要作用的景观斑块[12-13,16,25]。
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